India is also currently experiencing rapid increases in obesity and diabetes. It is believed that migrants from rural to urban areas may be particularly vulnerable to developing obesity and diabetes, but little robust information to examine this hypothesis exists. Epidemiologists have traditionally hypothesised the health consequences of migration in terms of exposures experienced in the home country; exposures acquired in the new country; health or disease selection of those who migrate; and, exposures due to the process of migration itself. However, migration as an “exposure” is complex. The usual typologies of migrant – settler, contract worker, student, professional, illegal immigrant and refugee - are likely to be of less value in understanding health consequences than the process of migration. Age at migration and gender are likely to be key factors, but the speed, reasons for migration, together with the social disruption involved, might be expected to influence the health consequences experienced.

Keywords: Migration, Epidemiology, Health, Rural, Urban

Health is one of the significant developmental indicators in the lives of humans and is a basic necessity for humans to happily survive on Earth. According to Article 25 of the Universal Declarations of Human Rights, everyone has the right to standard of living and health, including adequate food, clothing, housing, medical care, and related necessary services. However, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries, not everyone is privileged to enjoy these rights. In the past decades, India has achieved tremendous achievements in the health sector. In India, a human’s life expectancy has exceeded the age of 67 years, and infant and under-five-year mortality rates have started declining. Many diseases, such as polio, Guinea worm disease, yaws, and tetanus, no longer exist. However, health is closely associated with people’s occupation and caste in some extend.

India’s occupational method is based on the caste of the individuals and is preset by the birth of individuals living in India. The caste system is a harsh reality faced by people and plays a major role in the distribution of power and adequate services. Dalits are the most depressed and vulnerable people, particularly in rural areas, who do not have permanent work and sufficient income, and are unable to acquire adequate healthcare services. Dalits are forced to do menial jobs, thereby posing health issues. Because of the caste system, Dalits’ nature of occupation, economic condition, and low knowledge of healthcare and preventive measures prevent them from accessing proper healthcare facilities. The caste discrimination exists even among them. Regarding this, the plight of life condition of the Puthirai Vannan community (who wash the clothes of the Dalits living in Tamil Nadu) has been described in this study. According to the Indian social system caste classification, they are placed at the bottom and were once considered unseeables; their major occupation being washing clothes and doing the unskilled labor. Hence, this community is deprived of basic needs such as food house and healthcare facilities, thereby leading to health problems. They already suffer from social and economic conditions, and the health issues have made their life miserable.

Keywords: Puthirai Vannan, life condition, TamilNadu, Social, health, economic

Flood is a potential disaster that has the capacity to impact large number of people’s health such as water-borne diseases, malaria, dengue, injuries and so on. Therefore, the research main aim is to examine impact of flood on human health problems and the government support in Uttar Pradesh. Quantitative research was used to fulfil the aim where 120 respondents were found using purposive sampling method from Kashipur Village. The results showed the lack of drinking water, poor sanitation, and many communicable diseases. Infections from polluted water and inadequate sanitation conditions were also found. Mosquito related diseases such as dengue, malaria as well as water-borne diseases were examined. Government mixed support was found after analysing the results, they provided relief material such as food supplements and drinking water whereas lack of support post-disaster. A gap response found after the disaster from the government. The study concludes that there is a need of enhanced healthcare services and equitable cooperation from NGOs and Government. They should make a high priority on immediate and long-term needs during and after the disaster for affected communities. However, the study found limited to Kashipur village and lack of cooperation from people during the survey. Further research in more comprehensive areas, as well as an examination of community-based resilience plans and the role of technology in disaster response, may provide valuable insights that enhance future disaster management programs.

Keywords: Human Health, Health Problems, Flood, Disaster, Government and NGOs Support

COVID–19 pandemics affected all spheres of life of every section of population. It negatively affected not only the health and livelihood but also the education and social life of the people. The livelihood of almost all sections of people were negatively shaken by the lock down, shut down and rules related to social distancing. The folk musicians and dancers were not an exception to it. The government of India and Odisha put restrictions on the social gathering and functions. It also put restrictions on the number of people to be gathered in all such occasions. The institutions remained either closed or operated on virtual mode. All modes of entertainment were closed to avoid gathering and maintain social distancing. Since the folk musicians and dancers earn their livelihood by performing in social functions of families and communities and stage performances at different institutions on different occasions, they suffered a lot during the whole pandemic period for almost two years. Against this backdrop the objective of the present paper is to explore the impact of COVID – 19 pandemics on the life and livelihood of the musicians and dancers. This qualitative and exploratory study was conducted in different rural and urban areas of Sambalpur district. Samples for the present study were collected through snowball sampling method. Primary data were collected through personal interview, FGDs and key informant interviews. Data collected were analysed through the content analysis by making tables of code, theme, and sub theme. Direct quotes from the interviews of the samples and one sample FGD has been described in the content of the paper for deeper understanding and comprehension of the readers. The study concludes that pandemic not only affected the livelihoods of the musicians but also shaken theirpsychology and social life.

Keywords: COVID – 19, pandemic, social distancing, dancer, musician, livelihood, social life.

The study aimed to determine how a psychological skill training programme (PST) affected goal-setting, self-confidence, imagery, stress management, and relaxation in male college students from Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur district. Purposive sampling of 48 guys with the following measurements was done for the study: age (21.21+1.18), height (166.97*3.92) and weight (61.40+3.66). The PST programme was given to the subjects for eight weeks, and data were collected twice—prior to and following the PST programme administration. The OMSAT-3 Questionnaire was used to measure the chosen psychological factors.Pre-post scores were produced with means for statistical analysis and analysisof the impact of the PST programme on the individuals’ selected psychological variables. The paired-sample “t” test in SPSS 25 was used to analyse the standard deviation and the training impact. In each group comparison, the significance level has been held constant at 0.05 levels of significance. Results: Additionally, the chosen variables (goal setting, self-confidence, imagery, stress management, and relaxation) exhibit a significant difference between the pre-and post-groups at the 0.05 level of significance; therefore, we can conclude that the PST program significantly affects the chosen variables.

Keywords: Goal Setting, Self-confidence, Imagery, Stress Control, Relaxation, Psychological Skill Training and OMSAT-3 Questionnaire.