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Poverty is urbanizing rapidly and becoming urban problem in the world. In developing countries know urban poverty brings about severe challenges for assuring urban household food security and access to basic services such as adequate housing, water, sanitation, and education and health care facilities. The aim of this study is to assess factors and manifestations of poverty situation in Mettu town by taking a randomly selected sample of 224 households from three sub-zones (gottes). Mixed research approach was employed in order to triangulate the result. The researcher used wealthy index approach to identify households as poor and non-poor. The study findings show that; in the study area from total sample households 59.8% are poor and 40.2% of them are non-poor. In this study, the variables that are positively associated with the probability of being poor are: educational status, marital status, household size place of birth and health status of the household; while, age, employment, housing tenure and water source variables was negatively associated with probability of being poor in the study area. The research findings indicated that, in the study area there is lack of adequate shelter or house, poor sanitation, lack of access to safe drinking water, and absence of proper toilet facilities. Generally, the study finding shows the incidence of poverty is high in the study area. Thus, the study results recommend the need for urgent intervention measures to be taken by the stakeholders aimed at curbing the fate of the poor in Mettu town.

Key words: Household poverty, Urbanization, Livelihood portfolios, Manifestations

Feminism is made up of several diverse social theories, political movements, and philosophies. Most of these adopt a critical stance toward the existing social relations, especially gendered relations. Feminist theory looks at the origins, characteristics, and forms of gender inequality in order to focus on gender politics, power relations, and sexuality. Feminism is consciously political and activist. Its politics centers on immediate issues like reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination, and sexual violence as well as such long-term issues as patriarchy, stereotyping, objectification, and oppression. Themes related to development include the inequality between genders, the disproportionate amount of work performed by women, and yet the absence of women in development policy or group decision making in general, all of this being attributed to the subordination of women. As feminism developed, this universalism came to be seen as oppressive in the sense that women from different backgrounds did not share the same experiences. In this regard especially, modern feminist theory was criticized as being predominantly associated with the views of Western middle-class academia rather than emanating from Third World intellectuals and activists.

Keywords: Environment, Economy, Technology, Material Culture, Ethnic groups.

Flexibility of the wrist is one of the critical components for a basketball player. Flexibility helps to have graceful movements, minimize energy expenditure, prevent athletic injuries and get some speed for the development of performance. The wrist is one of the key joints in the body which is used by a basketball player in a wide range of skills. It allows for more force to be generated. Greater flexibility in the wrists will permit the force to be exerted over a longer range. It will also give better control on the action & improve accuracy. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between wrist flexibility and shooting ability of the basketball players. The study was conducted by selecting twenty college basketball players from the various colleges of Idukki District. The age of subjects ranged between nineteen to twenty five years. Goniometer was used to measure the flexibility of right hand wrist of the basketball players (Yobu, 1988). To measure the shooting ability of the players, free throw test was conducted. The data collected were treated statistically in order to find out the relationship between the wrist flexibility and shooting ability of basketball players, by using PearsonProduct Moment correlation.

India’s rapid leprosy case detection campaigns towards leprosy elimination was a massive health campaign towards leprosy control, targeting the detection of ‘hidden cases’ and ‘interrupting the transmission’. However, a critical evaluation of the practices and the policies during the rapid leprosy case detection campaigns highlights significant gaps regarding policy implementation; a careful evaluation of such gaps provides important inputs for future healthcare programmes. The present paper critically evaluates selected aspects regarding the implementation of rapid leprosy case detection campaigns by considering first hand observations. The study finds that micro-planning during such rapid drives holds the key towards leprosy elimination. A regional and culture specific approach in programme implementation will bring successful results in implementing disease specific drives, especially like leprosy. Issues in socio-cultural stigma in leprosy hold significant bearings in antileprosy programmes. Addressing the underreporting of relapsed, deformity as well as the actual number of cases is an eminent challenge in leprosy elimination. Management of the treatment regimen of leprosy in rural and tribal areas, particularly among the patients with grade II deformities needs emphasis. Training the Field Level Workers (FLWs), sensitizing leprosy care personals regarding patients’ perspectives are contemplative aspects for similar drives in future. Most importantly, a round the year surveillance with a focus on preventive measures is the need of the time. Along with, an inclusive leprosy care policy towards the rehabilitation and welfare of the patients than the simple cure needs to be prioritized.

Key Words: NLEP, Health planning and Policy, Infectious Diseases, Leprosy; LCDC; Medical Anthropology

Taekwondo and Karate are two most popular Martial Art forms. Both require a strong mind and highest concentration to be able to perform and excel. Karate is perhaps more popular in the world given its prominence in Movies and other media; however, Taekwondo is an Olympic Sport. Hence both the sport has their own value. Since, both sports need their exponents to be strong mentally, it can be practiced by interested people who wish to develop their mental strength. Though both forms can be practiced as per the interest of the person who is practicing it, a question on which is better of the two for develop mental toughness does arise. Therefore, this study was initiated to compare and assess the mental toughness between Taekwondo and Karate players. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study the investigator selected 20 Taekwondo players from Taekwondo Martial Arts School [TMAS] and 20 Karate players from Shito-Ryo Do India of Pondicherry. Their age ranged from 12 to 18 years. Mental Toughness Questionnaire by Dr. Alan Goldberg was used to assess mental toughness. The questionnaire elicited the scores on Mental Toughness of each and every participant. The data was statistically analyzed by application of T Test. For the purpose of the study, the level of significant fixed was 0.05 for all the variables. Findings: The result of the study revealed that there was significant difference between Taekwondo and Karate players on Mental Toughness. Taekwondo players were found to be better than the Karate players in Mental toughness.

Keywords: Karate players, Martial arts, Mental toughness, , Olympic sport, Taekwondo players.

Fitness usually includes activities related to performance and games with varying abilities to perform those forms of physical exercise successfully. Fitness encompasses mental, emotional, social, and physical elements. All of these components are essential in ensuring that the motor skills of those who are not natural athletes are perfectly satisfied. Includes five basic components, they are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. Participating in sports activities improves these fitness components often requires certain motor skills like agility, balance, coordination, explosive power, speed, and reaction time. This research intended to compare inter-school players for chosen performance-related fitness factors on Badminton and Volleyball. The investigator chose 30 Badminton players and 30 Volleyball players from Lakshadweep Island to achieve the investigation’s purpose. The criterion variables for performancebased physical fitness were chosen. The subjects of the two groups were evaluated with standard tests on the chosen dependent variables. Analyze the significant difference, if any, between groups was using the independent t test. The confidence level of 0.05 was determined by the value of the t ratio, which was deemed sufficient for research.

Keywords: Arm power, explosive power, performance fitness, Badminton and volleyball

Special Olympics is a global movement of people creating a new world of inclusion and community, where every single person is accepted and welcomed, regardless of ability or disability. We are helping to make the world a better, healthier and more joyful place—one athlete, one volunteer, one family member at a time. – Special Olympics Bharat. Through the power of sports, people with intellectual disabilities discover new strengths and abilities, skills and success. Our athletes find joy, confidence and fulfilment — on the playing field and in life. They also inspire people in their communities and elsewhere to open their hearts to a wider world of human talents and potential. – Special Olympics Bharat. The study show the 90% of Unified partners were happy and satisficed with Engaging with the Special Athletes. They were willing to contribute more for their Special Athlete Partners.

Key words: Satisfaction, Special Olympics, Unified sports, Unified Partner, Special Athletes, Special Olympics Bharat

Sri Aurobindo launched the philosophical journal Arya it intended to provide a grand synthesis of knowledge and yogic experience .The Arya had a two-fold object firstly a systematic study of the highest problems of existence and secondly the formation of a vast synthesis of knowledge, harmonizing the diverse religious traditions’ of humanity, occidental as well as oriented. The journal endeavoured to give not only studies in philosophy but also translations of ancient texts and commentaries on them. It would also deal in the comparative religion

Keywords: Arya, Journal, Self-perfection, Dharma.

Health is a fundamental right of every citizen. State has to provide good health to all. As of now nearly 80,000 women die owing to pregnancy related complications in India and 61 percent tribal women also die in every year. The maternal problems are hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, sepsis, abortions, caesarean sections, prolonged or obstructed labour, infection following vaginal delivery, Influenza, anaemia, etc,. The Government of India and State Governments have been introducing number of health schemes, programmes for the welfare of women in terms of maternity. But the impact or success rate is not upto the mark among women in general and tribal women particular. That’s why the researcher has chosen this topic entitled “health status of tribal women during maternity period”. The objectives are to find that the health status of tribal women during maternity period in terms of antepartum, intrapartum, postpartum and also find out the health facilities within their jurisdiction. The sample is 100 tribal women and their location is Nellore district. The paper is trying to elicit the health status information based on primary data. The data analysis will be done by using simple statistical techniques i.e. frequency and percentages will be given. Conclusions and suggestions will be given to improve the maternity health status of tribal women.

Key words: Tribal Women, Diseases, Maternal Health Status

Nutrition always remains as an important marker that attributes towards the health status of any population. Scheduled Tribe in the country is 10.45crore as per 2011 census, which constitutes 8.6 percent of the total population. In general, an appeasing image may appear, but a closer look shows us a different image. It is due to their geographical isolation and poor socio-economic condition, which affects the attributes towards better nutrition and makes them vulnerable to under nutrition. The present study assesses the socio-economic and nutritional status of Irular women in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu. The study reveals the mean BMI of 35.4 percent women was found to be <18.5 (Chronic Energy Deficiency) i.e. Underweight. The overall food intake was very poor as per the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). The present study concerns the Nutritional Status of Irular women in Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu

Keywords: Irular; Villupuram; Nutrition; Socio-Economic, Basic Metabolism Index (BMI).

Infertility is a multidimensional problem with social, economic and cultural implications affecting approximately 8-10% of couples. In the present study a total of 635 infertile females and 523 males from three infertile centers who are taking medical counseling were screened. A validated questionnaire has been administered to collect the data pertaining to the causes of infertility, period of infertility and life styles besides anthropometric measurements. Clinical investigations were also carried out to the sample. The period of infertility was divided into five infertile age groups i.e. 1-2 years, 3-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years and >15 years. In 1-2 years of male infertile group, 43.29% of Oligospermia; 47.91% of Azoospermia and 66.66% of pre mature ejaculation. In 1-2 years of infertile female group, tubal blocks were around 36.95% and 3% of hormonal deficiency were observed. In >15 years period of male infertile age group, 4.74% of Oligospermia; Azoospermia with4.16% and pre mature ejaculation was 3.41%. Whereas, in >15 years period of infertile group ovulation defect (56%) and small size uterus (16%) were predominant. Both overweight (41.3%) and obesity (36%) has shown positive association with infertility in 5-9 yrs and >15yrs groups. Our results show a strong association of infertility with body mass index. Infertility period increases, BMI also increases. A majority of educated and higher income groups sought medical counseling to resolve the infertility related problems. Because of high medical expense, the lower income group people are unable to afford the opportunity of resolving the problems through medical counseling 96% of males were found to be habituated to drinking (24%), smoking (33%) and both (39%) habits. In conclusion it is stated that infertility can be treated and managed with medication, minor surgical operations, laparoscopic procedures, hormonal therapy and maintenance of healthy life style.

Keywords: Infertility. Body mass index. Hormonal deficiency Male infertility, Ooligospermia, Azoospermia. Life style.

There has been a crucial move in the 20th century from development to globalization – that is shift from the Bretton Woods system of development centred on nation-states to the rise of economic neo-liberalism or contemporary globalisation. Neoliberalism is not monolithic, but has varying forms and consequences nationally and locally. The paper is based on ethnographic data gathered from a mountain village which analyses not only the pros and cons of neoliberalism affecting the mountain economy, but also discusses various social and cultural features getting modified due to competition driven market forces. The paper can be seen as contributing to the issues related to sustainable development, indigenous knowledge and resource management practises along with an anthropological perspective about development.

Keywords: Globalisation; resource management; indigenous knowledge; sustainable development