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The key objective of this paper is to analyze the trends of India’s soyabean, exports and its directions and way forward. This research work highlighted the post-independence performance of soyabean productivity and changing pattern of crops that pave the way for promoting soyabean cultivation. The present study revealed that India is seventh largest country by area, the second most populous country after China. This work investigates the trend in area production and yield of soyabean in India from 1980-1981 to 2019-2020. The results indicate that expansion of area was continued during whole study period. However, the expansion is higher in soyabean area than that of yield of soyabean. The finding exhibits that the exports of soyabean was highly volatile but increased during given time period. The composition changed from traditional tropical to horticulture and sea foods. The present study has been focused on analyzing demand, supply and export of soyabean in India. This study revealed that United States of America turned out to be India’s biggest soyabean buyers followed by Canada, Belgium. According to data China termed as top importer of soyabean but India’s exports were nominal to China. The analysis also covered the comparative price difference in Indian export verses imports of China during 2020. This paper contributes by providing significant suggestions for improving the market structure for acquiring higher market share. In addition to that this study also provides suggestion regarding, how to create significant opportunities to increase the exports which strengthen the balance of payments position.

Keywords: Soyabean, Export, Directions, India, China

The prevalence of poor educational performance and wide inequality in the academic achievement of children in primary education between social and economic groups in India challenges the objective of a leaned Indian society. This paper analyses the academic achievement gap in the reading ability and mathematical skills of children in primary education using the IHDS-II data applying the ordered logit method of estimation. The results show substantial differences in reading and arithmetic skills among children from different socioeconomic, demographic and religious backgrounds. The backward community children are not much disadvantaged relative to the upper community children. The scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and Muslim children are the most disadvantaged groups in achieving academic ability. Children studying in public schools and non-English medium instruction schools have less chance of being in the higher categories of educational performance. Children from urban residences and with higher educated adults tend to perform better than the child from rural areas with lower educated adults in the household. The asset holding of the household has a positive impact on the educational performance of a child. Much of the disadvantages of the learning ability and skill acquisition of children in primary education stems from the poor socio-economic background of the family and lower parental education.

Keywords: Primary education, academic achievement, reading ability, mathematical skills, ordered logit

Agriculture sector has the largest share in employment and value added for many developing countries. This paper analyses the spatial contribution of agriculture sector to income, employment and per worker value added in top thirty countries which have highest share in agriculture sector in the World. The success of agricultural sector in income and employment has been designated to green revolution in India. China has proceeded with the process of structural change very rapidly. Ethiopia has the highest share of agriculture in employment which is an agriculture dominant country. The study gives clear picture that development of agriculture has been the essential element of structural transformation and will continue to be crucial in transformation in the future. The estimates of this study indicate that the changing role of agriculture in income and employment in the major countries followed by structural change has led to increasing the integration of the economies of the countries and their changing patterns of interlinkages between the agriculture sector and the other sectors in countries.

Keywords: Income, employment, value added per worker, GDP

This study investigates the issue of debt on Punjab farmers. We have conducted survey of two districts of Punjab to examine the debt scenario. A composite development index has been generated to rank all the districts of Punjab then district with the highest index value and with the least has been chosen for the survey. As observed that 66.7 per cent farmers were under debt in sampled households. Marginal and Small farmers per acre intensity is much higher compared to the upper category. Nevertheless, the amount of debt was increased with land holding size. The higher rate of interest charged by noninstitutional

is pushing the farmers into debt trap.

Keyword: Debt, Peasantry, Punjab

This paper examined the effects of credit risk, intellectual capital as well as credit risk moderated by intellectual capital on financial performance of fifteen listed deposit money banks in Nigeria (DMBs) from 2007 to 2016. Data were sourced from annual reports of banks and Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics and analysed using Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The study finds that credit risk index by loan loss ratio negatively affects financial performance of the sampled banks; while capital employed efficiency, loan loss provision moderated by intellectual capital, capital adequacy ratio, income and diversification have positive relationship with banks’ financial performance. Thus, the study recommends that banks should strengthen their credit risk management culture to ensure prompt repayment of loans. The banks should operate within the required capital adequacy ratio to serve as buffer against loan loss provisions provided by the Central Bank of Nigeria. A strong credit risk management culture should be embedded within intellectual capital structure of banks, where all

persons at all levels appreciate and understand the banks’ risk management policies as well as strategies and incorporate same into decision-making and business processes.

Keywords: Credit risk, Intellectual Capital, Financial Performance, Deposit Money Banks, GMM, Nigeria.

JEL Classification: G32, 034, G21, C33.

The objective of the study is to understand the nature of the interaction between the financial and real sector in the wake of financial sector innovation of mortgage-backed securities and identify characteristics of financial markets responsible for making the real sector more vulnerable to crisis. The vulnerability of the real sector to crisis rises, higher the proportion of asset-backed securities. To explain the chain through which asset-backed securities make an impact on the real sector, we develop a basic theoretical structure using the multiplier effect introduced by Keynes. The analysis constitutes the development of a theoretical framework of interaction between the real and financial sectors.

Keywords: real-financial interlinkage, mortgage-backed securities

In this paper we introduce a model for prognosis of changing of wages of employees of an industrial enterprise. The introduced model describes the dynamics of developing of economic systems under influence of trade-related effects.

Keywords: industrial enterprise; changing of wages of employees; influence of trade-related effects.

While there are various different optimistic communal implications of working status of women, this study tries to analyse the effect of employment that may change relative decision making power of women within household. Using data set of NFHS-4 (2015-16), this paper documents a positive significant increase in women’s relative power to take decisions alone within household. Similarly, women are more likely to take various individual decisions either alone or jointly with husband when they are engaged in labour market. These results are consistent with a theoretical model of bargaining power in which likelihood of a woman to take part in household decision making increases upon entering the labour force. The likelihood of men to be a sole decision maker in the household falls when women are involved in labor market.

Keywards: Bargaining power, employment, decision-maker