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The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) implementation on the of quality of financial reporting of commercial banks in Saudi Arabia. The quality of financial reports has measured using qualitative characteristics of accounting information i.e., relevance, faith representation, understandability, comparability and timeliness. The study used the perceptions of preparers of banks financial reports to analyze about IFRS adoption in Saudi commercial banks. The data was collected through questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The finding of the study reveals that the quality of financial reports which is measured through (relevance, faith representation understandability, comparability and timeliness) was improved significantly after implementing of IFRS Compared with the period prior to the implementation of these standards.

Keywords: IFRS, Financial Reporting Quality, Relevance, Understandability, Comparability, Faith Representation, Timeliness, Commercial Banks, Saudi Arabia.

This study Assessed the Causes and Socio-Economic Consequences of Food Insecurity in Katsina State, Nigeria. Applying Malthusian population theory and Descriptive statistics techniques of frequency and simple percentages in the presentation and analysis of data. In addition, logistic regression was used to check the robustness of the analysis. The population of this study covers the entire household population of Katsina State. Non-probability sampling method was used to select a sample of 90 respondents, who are farmers in the study area (at least 10 from each of the 3 political senatorial zone of the state). The study found that food availability, Food accessibility and food stability have negative and significant impact on food insecurity among household Katsina State. The result also revealed that food utilization has positive and significant impact on food insecurity among household in Katsina State. Lastly, the result shows that determinants of food insecurity have positive and significant relationship with food insecurity with 0.613% degree of association with corresponding probability value of Pearson correlation reads 0.004 which is less than 0.05. The study concludes that food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food stability were the major determinants of food insecurity among household in Katsina State. Thus, the study recommends that since food insecurity incidence increases with increase in household size, efforts should be made at improving programmes and policies that will ensure a proper family planning which will reduce the number of children to that which the household can adequately cater for.

Keywords: Food Insecurity, Malthusian Population Theory, Food Availability, Food Accessibility, Food Utilization, Food Stability, Katsina State-Nigeria.

JEL: G15, G20, G21, G28

Public spending on education, health and social security has been played an important role for achieving high social and human development in Kerala, indicating the importance of public spending on achieving quality of life. But, the fiscal deficit is posing a major threat to public spending. Natural disasters (flood, cyclone, torrential rains and landslides) and public health challenges like epidemic diseases (e.g. viral fever, chikungunya, dengue, Nipah virus and H1N1) are raising the severe threat to the fiscal stability of the state in the last few years. Despite all these challenges, Kerala had maintained reasonably a good fiscal stability in 2017 & 2018. The paper addressed two important questions. How did the government of Kerala manage the fiscal situations in the midst of unmatched challenges? How does lockdown affect the fiscal condition of the state? The government was followed revenue mobilization and expenditure compression measures to manage the fiscal conditions of the state during unprecedented challenges. The Novel coronavirus outbreak impacted the fiscal conditions of the state severely. The economic loss of Kerala by lockdown could amount to 15% of GSDP and revenue loss by lockdown could extent to 35% of the revenue receipts. Increase in the ceiling of public borrowings and other revenue mobilization measures will help the government to avert adverse effects of fiscal crises induced by lockdown in the state to a large extent. Kerala needs to have a confluence of a multi-pronged strategy to combat growing environmental degradation and public health challenges: conservation of nature, greening fiscal policies and fiscal ethics are some important strategies. Otherwise, fiscal impacts of unsustainable development will continue to disturb the state, especially poor and other vulnerable sections are at first to suffer from fiscal challenges of natural disasters and public health challenges.

JEL classification codes: H12-Crisis Management, H62-Deficit • Surplus, H84-DisasterAid, E62-Fiscal Policy, G18-Government Policy and Regulation

Climate change is predicted to have an extremely destructive concern on Bangladesh. Natural disasters may take place even more frequently and be greater in magnitude. A rise in sea levels could submerge a considerable proportion of the country. The legal regulations per specific aspects of maritime law are the priority of lawyers as natural risks like rising sea levels, storm surges, or tsunami waves, the pollution of the marine environment represents a severe threat to coastal inhabitants. Global climate change will thus not only cause environmental demolition, but will drive massive social changes as innumerable people migrate from devastated areas. This might further overstretch inadequate infrastructure and governance mechanisms, and will lead both to a collapse in living standards and a rise in social disorder. Thus, the proposed article would contribute to the expansion of the current regime of the bay water used for cooling purposes of atomic energy plant preventing its use for fish farming purposes, an oil spill on the high seas polluting beaches that are essential for tourism within the coastal zone and the way of such activities destroys on our natural climate and it changes water level, ocean acidification, ocean stratification, coral bleaching, changing species distributions and other biological change to sea.

Keywords: Climate Change; Marine Environment; Global Warming; Challenges; Bangladesh

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between inflation and unemployment in India. The study is based on secondary data for the period of 1991 to 2019. This paper used OLS and Granger Causality Test to find the causality link between inflation and unemployment. The result reveals that, there is no causality running between inflation and unemployment in the short run. However, there is one direction of causality running from unemployment to inflation in the long run in India. These findings support the existence of the Phillips curve in the long run in India.

Keywords: Philips Curve, Unemployment, Inflation, India

JEL Classification: F21, F43, J2.

This paper examined factors that determine capital structure of selected quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The objective was to examine internal and external factors that determine capital structure of quoted firms in Nigeria. Secondary data was sourced from Central bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, Stock Exchange Fact-book and annual reports of quoted firms in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSC). Equity capital and debt capital was modeled as the function of profitability, company size, retained earnings, growth opportunity, liquidity, financial sector development, real gross domestic products and inflation rate. Ordinary least square method was used as data analysis method. The study found that profitability and growth opportunity have negative effect on equity capital while company size, retained earnings, liquidity, financial sector development, real gross domestic product and inflation rate have positive and significant relationship with equity capital. The study also found that profitability and liquidity have negative effect on debt capital while company size, retained earnings, growth opportunity financial sector development, real gross domestic products and inflation rate have positive and significant effect on debt capital. The study concludes that internal and external factors significantly determine capital structure of quoted firms and recommend (among others) that system operators and corporate executives should endeavor to formulate policies that will leverage the negative effect on internal and external factors on capital structure of quoted firms.

Keywords: Micro, Macro, Prudential Determinants, Capital Structure, Quoted Firms.

This paper studies the influence of past incomes on current consumption both at the individual and aggregate levels. The longterm causal relationship between personal disposal income and per capita personal consumption expenditure in India during 1966-2015 is examined using the RBI data on personal disposable income and consumption expenditure. The rate of adjustment between PDI and PPCE is modelled as Koyck distributed lag and the Granger causality approach is used in the empirical estimation. The estimates of Koyck distributed lag model shows that the marginal propensity to consume is 32 percent in the short-run and 93 percent in the long-run. The time required for the first half or 50 percent of the total change in per capita personal consumption expenditure following a sustained unit change in personal disposable income is about 1.6 years and it takes nearly 2.6 years on average for the effects to be fully felt.

Keywords: Consumption, past income, MPC, causality, Koyck distributed lag.