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Education can be viewed as a human being’s wings. It aids in the growth of the mind, body, and spirit of the recipient. In various aspects, it aids in the individual’s ability to lead a contented existence. In today’s environment, when many jobs require specific abilities, a lack of education might make it difficult to maintain a stable lifestyle. Cultural transmission is the primary goal of this endeavour. The primary goal of education is to bring out the best in people. It aids in the realisation of an individual’s selfpotential and deepest roots. In its purest form, education enables an individual to be free and mature, to grow considerably in love and heavens. Investing in highquality education is essential for this. In today’s world, quality education refers to education that gives students with the skills, competency, and information they need to respond effectively to society’s rising challenges. As a result, the correct kind of education became imperative. An education isone that teaches a youngster to recognize the importance of freedom and the integration of mind and heart in all of his actions. Intelligence and inward change would follow as a result of this. When education is properly planned and delivered, it fosters a wide range of abilities and virtues. Harmonious growth of the 3H’s (head, hand, and heart) is the goal of education. As a result, the nation’s development would be bolstered by more wellrounded individuals. This paper is an attempt to explore the role of education in the economic development and thereby bringing some changes in the society.

Keywords: Education, economy, social change, technology, civilization, tradition.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and remittance inflows have been increasing in developing countries over the past two decades, becoming the two largest sources of external finance and foreign exchange earnings. Those inflows have been proved to play an important role in improving various aspects of development. However, there is a few evidence about their impact on the trade balance of the recipient countries. This study empirically examines the issue for a sample of seven West African countries over the period 1975-2017. To that end, it extends the traditional trade balance function to include FDI and remittances as control variables, and employs an estimation method that deals with the issues of crosssectional dependency and heterogeneity. The results show that trade balance is positively related to remittances only in Burkina Faso, and negatively in Mali and Senegal. The effect of FDI on trade balance was found to be positive only in Mali, and negative in Burkina Faso and Cote d’Ivoire. Furthermore, the results show evidence supporting the validity of the MarshallLerner condition for Cote d’Ivoire.

Keywords: foreign direct investment, trade balance, remittances, income, West Africa.

JEL Classification: C23, F10, F21, F22, O55

The study aims to investigate the reasons of Underpricing of IPO by analyzing the impact of various factors like Issue Size, Stockholder Ownership Structure and Underwriter Reputation on the Underpricing of IPOs. The target market chosen was all the IPOs issued In the Indian Stock Market from the Year 2010 to 2019 i.e.,219 Companies, which included 88 Underpriced IPOs and 131 Overpriced IPOs. Initially, exploratory research was undertaken to probe deeper into the topic. After conducting the exploring research, causal research was finalized as the most suitable method to go ahead with. We analyzed the data using tools like Correlation and Regression on various software i.e., Excel and SAS (Enterprise Guide). We concluded the Research by stating a Negligible Positive Relationship of Underpricing of IPO with Issue Size and a Strong Positive Relationship with QIB and HNI Ownership and a negative Relationship with Retail Investors and Reputation of Underwriters.

Keywords: IPO, Underwriters’ Reputation, Issue Size, Stockholders Ownership Structure.

JEL Classification: G100; G240; G32

The purpose of the study is to find the relationship between research and development and performance of companies and to check the corporate governance effect on the relationship between performance and innovation.The data has been taken from annual reports of companies. The study cover the period from 2009 to 2018. SPSS has been used for analysis of the study.Corporate performance is measured from ROA and ROE. Innovation is measured from research and development expenditure and managerial compensation is proxy for corporate governance.There is insignificant and positive relationship between corporate governance and firm performance and negative and significant relationship when considering the effect of moderator R&D.There is inverse relationship between performance of companies and corporate governance and R&D.

Keywords: Corporate performance, Innovation, Corporate Governance, Pharmaceutical Industry

Bank credit forms a critical part of the finance growth nexus and understanding how it affects economic growth can have deep ramifications in policy making pertaining to financial liberalization. While bank credit and economic growth have been shown to be closely related, whether credit expansion induces economic growth or is a result of it is disputed in literature, with several studies suggesting that this relationship is country specific. Existing studies of the finance growth relationship in India show mixed results, and most use annual data which overlooks the possibility of causality on a short time scale. Those that consider more frequent observations use small time intervals (<10 years), which reduces the power of statistical tools used. To account for these shortcomings, this paper uses quarterly data from 1997Q1 – 2014Q2 from the Reserve Bank of India’s database on the Indian Economy for measures of bank credit sector size and development. A Vector Autoregressive modelbased approach using the Johansen Cointegration test and Granger Causality test is used to assess the longterm and shortterm relationship between bank credit and GDP. The study finds that there exists no longrun equilibrium between outstanding bank credit and GDP or financial sector depth (as measured by the ratio of bank credit to GDP) and GDP. Causality analysis found evidence of bidirectional shortrun causality running betweeneconomic growth to bank credit and unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to financial sector depth.

Keywords: Economic growth, bank credit, financial development

JEL Classification Codes: C10, E51, G21

This paper empirically investigates the determinants of real exchange rate in Nigeria over the period 1981-2019. Cointegration and dynamic error correction model (ECM) techniques are utilized for the study. The empirical results reveal the existence of a shortrun dynamic and a longrun equilibrium relationship between real exchange rate and its determinants in Nigeria. Output capacity, trade openness, net capital inflow, real interest rate, government expenditure and inflation are the principal determinants of exchange rate in Nigeria. In particular, increased output capacity, greater degree of openness, increased net capital inflows and high real interest rate lead to exchange rate appreciation. Increased government expenditure and high inflation rate on the other hand, would cause exchange rate depreciation. The paper further finds evidence that money supply is positively related to exchange rate, albeit a weak impact. Against the backdrop of these findings, it is necessary for the country to implement, policies that will increase her output capacity in terms of diversifying the productive base of the economy through increase production and trade capacities, in order to enhance a competitive value for the naira. Other policy measures include increased capital inflow, reduction of excessive liquidity in the economy, sound fiscal management and stable macroeconomic policies with respect to inflation and interest rates.

Keywords: Real exchange rate, Exchange rate appreciation, Exchange rate depreciation, Error correction Model

JEL Classification: F02, F31