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The presented study analyzes the effects of Experiential Marketing on the attractiveness of German Factory Outlet Centers (FOC) - and associated foreign ones - with their strong focus on luxury and premium brands.

Due to a changing competitive landscape and societal value changes, the retail sector has to find new ways to remain attractive for consumers; one of these is the use of Experiential Marketing. In FOCs, however, this development has not yet been realized in its entirety. The empirical study answers the question whether FOCs have overseen the relevance of changing market conditions or if there is no demand for experiences and entertainment in FOCs. Another focus of this study is to evaluate how far these marketing approaches have the potential to increase the FOCs attractiveness.

The results indicate that Experiential Marketing is less predominant for center visitors and customers than low prices, discounts and overall brand availability showing that FOC customers are less driven by hedonistic than by monetary motives and it is the scope of available brands that draw them to the centers.

Using data collected at two points in time (pre- and mid-COVID-19 situation) furthermore allows for an analysis of the changes taking place in visitors’ perspectives and illustrate an even more drastic loss in relevance of experience-oriented factors in general and in particular in the context of the particular situation than previously suspected.

Keywords: factory outlet center; experiential marketing; COVID-19; luxury brands; changing market conditions

JEL Classification: M31, Z30

To cite this article:

Perret, J.K., Gildemeister, C.C. & Mehn, A. Generations Y and Z – A Changing Perspective on the Event Culture of Factory Outlet Centers in Germany. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 123-145.

External debt is essential for economic growth but high levels of public debt adversely affect growth via debt overhang, crowding-out of domestic private investment and constraining countercyclical fiscal policy. This paper estimates the causal relationship between external public debt and economic growth in India along with other macroeconomic variables using annual time series data for 41 years from 1980 to 2020 and applying the error correction mechanism estimation method. The debt burden is segmented into two parts - external debt stock and external debt service and are measured as the percentage share to external debt to GDP and percentage share of total external debt service to total foreign exchange earnings. The estimated results show a significant positive impact of external debt stock on economic growth in the long run. There is no evidence of a debt overhang problem but evidence of external debt service potentially affecting growth by crowding out private investment. The effect of debt stock is less noteworthy as the negative effect of debt service exceeds the positive debt stock effect. The adverse effect of debt service both in long and short runs is significant The short-run disequilibrium is corrected at a reasonably good speed, providing the sanguinity of the external public debt in India.

Keywords: External debt, economic growth, debt overhang, crowding out, ECM estimation

To cite this article:

T. Lakshmanasamy. The Causal Relationship between External Debt and Economic Growth in India: Error Correction Mechanism Estimation. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 147-159.

Financial statements provide primarily information about the company itself - its ability to create profit, cash flows and changes on capital, as well as its tangible and financial assets and liabilities. Contemporary business conditions are characterized by existence of the need for fulfilling various information demands of broad interest group. Lack of relevant information on intangible assets (intellectual capital and the like) in the financial statements disables the possibility for external users to perceive real value of the company and adequate decision making. Too rigid criteria for recognition and measurement intangible assets, cause the book value of many knowledge and technology-intensive companies to be few times lower than its market value. In this paper, authors analyze the scope of the existing model of financial reporting in providing relevant information on intangible assets of a company, but they also analyze the limitations that this model faces. In the paper possible directions for overcoming existing limitations are also pointed out, in order to provide relevant information about intangible assets of a company.

Keywords: Intangible assets, Financial reporting, Relevant information, International accounting standards.

To cite this article:

Latha Britto. Financial Reporting on Intangible Assets – Scope and Limitations. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 161-169.

This study investigates the links between investment in tertiary education and labour market outcomes (particularly unemployment) in Botswana for the period 1990 to 2018. Using Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) bounds test to cointegration, the results showed that the relationship between government spending on tertiary education and the unemployment rate is negative as it was expected, and it’s significant. The number of people with tertiary education attainment negatively affects the unemployment rate and labour force participation rate has a positive relationship with the unemployment rate. The study therefore calls for intensified monitoring and evaluation of the budgets of the Ministry of Tertiary Education, Research, Science and Technology among other things. This can help channel monetary resources to where they are needed most and be used in productive capacities hence reducing the unemployment rate.

Keywords: Education, Labour market, Unemployment

To cite this article:

Kamogano Thuche, Itumeleng Oageng and Monica Seemule. Exploring Nexus between Investment in Tertiary Education and Labour Market Outcomes in Botswana. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 171-185.

The word ‘being global’ was meant a whole lot till now to a large extent until the outbreak of COVID 19. Although de-globalization concept was heaped on geopolitical reasons with the Trump government but COVID19 has triggered the process. COVID19 has affected the economic growth of thousands of firms who rely on doing their business cross borders. It brought turbulence to all those firms whose operations are scattered over various countries. Effects on global economy, disturbed geopolitical relations and global supply chain messed up were some of the eruptions that came along with the pandemic. The present paper brings an insight into how the disease COVID19 has provoked the process of de-globalization and revived the nationalization issue all over the world.

Keywords: De globalization, COVID19, globalization, nationalization, turbulence, provoked

To cite this article:

Syeda Amtul Mahaboob & Mohmad Mushtaq Khan. COVID 19 Acting as a Provoke for Deglobalization– A Review. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 187-200.

Widespread corporate scandals and the collapse of major corporations due to failure by executives to adhere to good corporate governance practices have resulted in issues of corporate governance becoming the centre of attention in organisations across the globe. This study sought to evaluate the extent of corporate governance practices in farmer companies of the Lower Usuthu Irrigation Smallholder Project (LUSIP) in Eswatini. The study was prompted by the often perceived corporate governance struggles in farmer companies which ultimately have adverse effects on their operations. The extent to which the farmer companies are trying to implement good corporate governance practices is not known. A descriptive survey design based on a quantitative approach was employed for the study. This was a census study in which questionnaires were distributed to 65 farmer companies in the LUSIP phase one around the Siphofaneni area. A corporate governance index was constructed to compare corporate governance practices with recommended or best practices. The study found that most of the corporate governance attributes evaluated were well implemented though managers and directors lack sufficient education and experience required for proper management of the companies. The study concluded that generally, recommended or best practices were well employed in farmer companies. However, their corporate governance problems seem to lie in the lack of enforcement of practices written down on paper. Recommendations made include development of a corporate governance code for farmer companies of SMEs in general.

Keywords: Corporate governance, farmer companies, index, Eswatini, shareholding

JEL: G34

To cite this article:

Desir Murwira and Farai Kwenda. Corporate Governance Practices in Farmer Comapnies in the Lower Usuthu Smallholder Irrigation Project (LUSIP) in Siphofaneni, Eswatini. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 201-219.

In the pandemic situation, trading transforms into a new paradigm. Traders choose to use technology instead of face-to-face e-trading. This study uses 129 publications linked to the survey of technology-related trade published in Asia and globally between 2016 and 2021 and literature sources. A core framework for a technology-driven international trade research classification has been developed. Briefly describe technology-driven global trade developments, research restrictions, and potential development tendencies. This study, according to research, is more non-systematic and lacks a certain level of research depth. Technology-driven trade and the risk of trade technology research will be the subject of future research. This study focuses on specific data and details, such as articles globally. In order to complete the secondary, secondary data was used. Prior studies on technology-driven international trade in Asia were reviewed as part of this study. Apart from that, meta-analysis is a statistical assessment of data from related primary studies. Therefore, this study used meta theory-building despite its importance. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the realities of the situation. This study concludes the essential observations from the technology-driven international trade in Asia. Also, this study discovered that technology-driven international trade comprehension is widespread in the Asian economy, therefore, this study would contribution towards the international traders.

Keywords: Technology-driven, international trade, meta-analysis, Asian trade

To cite this article:

Md. Zahangir Alam, Md. Mamun Habib and Md. Abu Issa Gazi. Technology-Driven International Trade: A Literature Review. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 221-231.

The Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a strategic tool that companies across the world are using for promoting performances. Operational performance is one of the performance measures for both manufacturing and service companies. Proper implementation of SCM is instrumental for achieving targeted performance and growth for companies. It contributes in improving competitiveness for the companies in the global market place. There is hardly any option left for companies in Bangladesh for not implementing extended SCM in order to survive in the industry. In this era of intense competition, implementation of SCM is the likely solutions for grabbing more market share. This study makes a critical evaluation of available literatures on influence of SCM on operational performance in the Bangladesh Readymade Garments Industry.

Keywords: SCM Practices, Operational Performance, Competitiveness, Global Market and RMG Industry.

To cite this article:

AHM Yeaseen Chowdhury and Nazrul Islam. Supply Chain Management and Operational Performance: A Critical Evaluation of Available Literatures. International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021, pp. 233-251.