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Many studies have revealed that Muslims hold diverse views about the relationship between Islam and the modern (‘secular’) state, but few of them have attempted to investigate on Muslims’ cultural capital and its impact to their view. This article explores on the variety and dynamic of Muslims’ cultural capital and its influence on their views concerning the issue of Islam-state relationship in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia (the Old Order and the New Order era). Particular attention is given to santri (‘devout’ Muslims) and abangan (nominal and syncretic Muslims), their cultural capital, their formation to be Islamist and secularist Muslims, and their shifting in changing political contexts. This article argues that the political context in colonial period had shaped different cultural capital of santri and aristocraticabangan and contributed in shaping the former to be Islamist and the latter to be secularist. Nevertheless, the repressive policy of the Old Order and the New Order government towards Islamist movements encouraged new generations of santri affiliating with revivalist and Islamist groups to re-conceptualize the relationship between Islam and the state. The social and political context had shaped new cultural capital of these new generations supporting them in dealing with the situation.

Keywords: Islam and state; santri and abangan; Islamist; secularist; cultural capital.

This paper identifies and analyses the university students’ coping strategies due to social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research work undertakes three studies to empirically test and validate a multidimensional measure that can be used to identify ways university students have coped during the pandemic. The three-study process involves qualitative interviews to extend the issues identified within the literature, followed by two studies using principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis; each using separate samples (409 for study 1 and 346 for study 2), to test the reliability and validity of the proposed eight dimensional 26-item scale. Data from university students of Bangladesh was collected using a 5 point Likert scale. Data entry and analysis were done with the statistical software SPSS version 20. The article is unique as it has identified factors which are applicable to cope with the stress resulting out of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. The factor study included factors and statements from numerous studies in addition to contributing few of its own. The study will benefit mental health practitioners, counselors and academicians to develop strategies by understanding students’ perspective to intervene and guide them so as to enhance their mental health condition.

Keywords: Covid-19, Social isolation, University students, Coping strategies, Bangladesh.

The study seeks to empirically examine the influence of knowledge competencies on small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) performance in Zamfara State, Nigeria. This is an area in entrepreneurship studies that received little or no attention in literature. The term knowledge competence is defined as a set of characteristics possessed by an entrepreneur that are related to superior performance in an enterprise.251 entrepreneurs were drawn randomly from a population of 628 registered SMEs from the State Ministry of Commerce and Industry record. A sample of 251 questionnaires was administered within the state, which constituted 30% of the population. The response rate was 227.Based on the responses, Descriptive statistics and Regression analysis were used to analyzed and interpret the responses gathered from the entrepreneurs, both analyses signifies that knowledge competencies has effect on the performance of SMEs in Zamfara State, Nigeria.

Keywords: Entrepreneurial Knowledge Competencies, Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs) Performance.

The study ascertains the relationship between bank’s non-core income components, Tobin’s Q and market value added of DMBs in Nigeria. It also examines the reverse effect of Tobin’s Q and market value added on bank’s non-core income in Nigeria. The bank’s non-core income components are foreign exchange transaction, commission, fees, e-banking and other operating incomes. The statistical tools employed were the descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. The results of the regression analysis show that only commission income, fee income, e-banking income and foreign exchange transaction income significantly influence Tobin’s Q and market value added of DMBs in Nigeria. In addition, the resultsreveala high degree of relationship between bank’s noncore income components, Tobin’s Q and market value added of DMBs in Nigeria. The regression  results also show thatin the reverse Tobin’s Q and market value added each has a significant influence on fees and foreign exchange transaction incomes of DMBs in Nigeria. Our findings show thatelectronic, fees, and commissions are the most effective means of generating non-core income for the banks, with e-banking being a strong and emerging component. While income from  foreign exchange activities seems to have boosted the banks’ revenue, it was quite unimpressive for banks financial performance. It is recommended that banks should be more mindful of the means of acquiring non-core income if the goal is to promote financial performance. Also, banks should minimise their income from foreign exchange transactions to maximise their financial performance. Finally, banks should further develop reliable user-friendly electronic platforms with fast internet speed since customers tend to place more confidence on banks with more innovative operations in relation to e-banking to improve her income and stimulate the overall financial growth of the banks following the global outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic which hampers business activities.

Keywords: Bank, non-core income, market value added, Tobin’s-Q ratio, foreign exchange.

JEL Classification Code: O23, O34, O46.

The Egyptian government focused on the cotton crop within the framework of the economic reform as the cultivated area of the cotton crop was liberalized. Furthermore, the prices of production inputs, seed cotton and lint cotton were liberalized whether these prices are government prices or cooperative prices, The marketing issues constitute obstacles which the cotton crop producers face as these issues have direct impact on the production, industry and marketing of the cotton crop and cotton products either inside or outside the country. That was clear recently, which led to the decrease of the cultivated area of the cotton crop and the decline of growing the cotton crop by farmers, when studying development and trends of domestic marketing variables of cotton in Egypt, where These variables are represented in: production costs of the cotton crop, export price, the farm price, Marketing Margin, Purchasing Marketing Margin , Selling Marketing Margin , Share of Producer from Export Price and The Marketing Efficiency shows that variables of production costs of cotton, export price, the farm price, Share of Producer from Export Price and The Marketing Efficiency has taken an increasing trend, variables of Purchasing Marketing Margin and Selling Marketing Margin has taken a decreasing trend during the study period. Also, when studying the statistical estimate of a function of cotton domestic demand in Egypt shows that the variables which largest effect in the domestic consumption of cotton is the domestic production of cotton, Population Number of Egypt during the study period.

Keywords: Free Marketing, Cooperative Marketing, Economic Reform, Marketing Margin, Marketing Efficiency, Demand, Production Costs, Farm Price, Export Price, Cotton, Egypt.