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Liberalization around the world from last couple of decades has led to increase in trade between different countries. Many factors like common language, culture, tradition and comparative advantage have contributed to rapid growth of trade around the World. Like other countries India and Iran have taken many steps to improve their bilateral trade. The rapid growth and increased energy demand in India and Iran’s attempt to improve trade relations with neighbouring countries have led to enhanced trade between these countries. The increased trade volume can be contributed to imports to Iran than exports from India which has led to huge trade deficit of latter. The present study attempts to analyze comparative advantage of India so that in long run trade deficit can be minimized if not eliminated completely. The trade according to comparative advantage can lead to efficient utilization of resources and economic growth over the period of time.

Keywords: Trade relations, Trade composition, Necular program, Comparative advantage

To cite this paper:

Wani, S.H. & Mir, M.A. (2022). India-Iran Trade Integration: Rising Trade Deficit of India and Way Forward. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 1-12.

Modern office technology affects firm performance significantly through the channel of raw materials collection, production, and distribution to final consumers.Using data from 40 sample manufacturing firms in Khulna district, we estimate the impact of modern office technology on output level. Computer, fax, and landline phone significantly increase the output level. Hypothesis tests support the difference in average output between firms with and without this office equipment.

Keywords: Modern office technology; Firm performance; Manufacturing firm; Bangladesh

To cite this paper:

Nusrat Jahan & Mohammed Ziaul Haider (2022). Modern Office Technology and Firm Performance in Khulna District of Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 13-22.

The world is undergoing tremendous change and one of the fundamental drivers is digital transformation i.e. enhancing the convenience of doing something by using emerging technologies. Global economy is also undergoing a digital transformation at a lightning speed, giving rise to a new economic structure known as digital economy. In a digital economy, digital computing technologies are used during economic transactions among people, businesses, devices, data and processes. The backbone of the digital economy is hyper connectivity i.e. growing interconnectedness among people, businesses and devices due to Internet, mobile technology, the internet of things and improvement in the technological infrastructure. Recently, TechCrunch, a digital economy news site, noted, “Uber, the world’s largest taxi company, owns no vehicles. Facebook, the world’s most popular media owner, creates no content. Alibaba, the most valuable retailer, has no inventory. And Airbnb, the world’s largest accommodation provider, owns no real estate… Something interesting is happening.” (Deloitte, 2015). The advent and rapid growth of digital economical activities globally has also transformed the way in which we make payments, transforming our economy into a cashless economy.

To cite this paper:

Alpana Singh (2022). Digital Economy, Future of Money and Financial Inclusion. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 23-29.

This paper examines the determinants of real exchange rate (RER) based on quarterly data from Mauritius between 1999:Q1 to 2016:Q4 by employing a dynamic regression approach. Productivity differential, interest rate differential, openness, gross domestic fixed capital formation and share price index determine RER in the long-run. In the short-run, only productivity differential and interest rate differential accountfor the changes in real exchange rate.Policy-wise, under and over valuation of RER can be avoided if these factors are allowed to adjust freely.

To cite this paper:

Ashok BABUBUDJNAUTH (2022). Drivers of Real Exchange Rate Movements in the Small Open Island of Mauritius. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 31-51.

This paper attempted to examine Health Resources, Health Outputs, and Family Welfare Measures in the State of Haryana and presented an Inter-District comparison. For analysis, District-wise data have been collected from the Statistical Abstract of Haryana for the year 2015-16. The indicators under the heads were selected based on the availability of data. Findings concluded large amount of disparities. Panchkula, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, and Nuh Districts have only one hospital; whereas, Yamunanagar, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat, Faridabad, Rewari, and Mahendragarh have two hospitals. It is the DistrictBhiwani which is equipped with largest number of hospitals, PHCs, and SCs. Panipat and Faridabad have one CHC, and Kaithal and Mahendragarh have no dispensary facility.Medical officers, staff nurses, and midwives/ANMs are mostly available in Jhajjar, Hisar, and Bhiwani respectively. Again Bhiwani Districthas largest number of Ayurvedic institutions and indoor patients treated are also highest in Bhiwani. However, treatment of outdoor patients occurred highly in Hisar. Availability of beds is also largest in Bhiwani and Hisar.Also, Hisar District is ahead in performing tubectomies and total sterilization operations, and Karnal and Gurugram are leading Districts in vasectomies form of sterilization operation and IUD insertions respectively. Faridabad has achieved first rank in doing highest number of equivalent sterilizations and also has largest number of conversational contraceptives users. Gurugram possess largest number of oral pill users. Based upon the findings, implications are discussed.

To cite this paper:

Karnika Gupta & Ishu Garg(2022). District-Wise Analysis of Health Resources, Health Outputs, and Family Welfare Measures in the State of Haryana. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 53-67.

India is an agrarian country with around 70% of its people depending directly or indirectly upon agriculture. Farmer suicides account for 11.2% of all suicides in India. Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides, such as monsoon failure, high debt burdens, government policies, public mental health, personal issues and family problems The government has taken a number of initiatives for the development of agriculture sector, remunerative returns for farmers’ produce and reducing the cost of production. These efforts have resulted in significant transformation in their lives. In 2006, the Government of India identified 31 districts in the four states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala with high relative incidence of farmer’s suicides. A special rehabilitation package was launched to mitigate the distress of these farmers. The package provided debt relief to farmers, improved supply of institutional credit, improved irrigation facilities, employed experts and social service personnel to provide farming support services, and introduced subsidiary income opportunities through horticulture, livestock, dairy and fisheries. This study is going to discuss To Study the Government Programmes on Agriculture Sector. To analyse The Impact of Government programmes on Primary Sector in this paper is based on Secondary data. The Government of India also announced an ex-gratia cash assistance from Prime Ministers National Relief Fund to the farmers. Additionally, among other things, the Government of India announced: In pursuance of this vision, the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare will adopt a concrete strategy, based on the recommendations of the constituted committee to achieve the goal of doubling the income of farmers till August 2022 when our country will be celebrating 75th Independence Day. The outcomes are also being visible.

Keywords: Agricultural, Rural, Development, Farmers, Government.

To cite this paper:

Lambani Mahesh & N.S. Mugadur (2022). The Impact of Governance Programmes on: Agricultural Sector. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 69-80.

The present study is an attempt to analyse the levels, patterns, and distribution of consumption expenditure of farm households in the rural areas of Punjab. The study is based on the primary data of 510 farm households selected through the multistage sampling technique and relates to the agricultural year 2015-16. The results of the study reveal that the average consumption expenditure of the large and medium farm-size categories is relatively higher as compared to the marginal, small, and semimedium farm-size categories. The average annual consumption expenditure of the large farm-size category is 6.66, and 4.42 times of the marginal, and small farm-size categories respectively. The proportionate share of consumption expenditure on non-durable items is inversely associated with the farm size. The marginal, small, and semi-medium farm-size categories spend the most on nondurable items, while the large and medium farm-size categories spend more on durable items and socio-religious ceremonies. The per capita annual consumption expenditure of the large farm-size category is 4.05 times of the marginal farm-size category. The average propensity to consume is greater than unity for all the farmsize categories except the large farm-size category. The study also showed the highly skewed distribution of per household and per capita consumption expenditure among the farm households in the rural areas of Punjab.

Keywords: Consumption expenditure, farm households, distribution, rural, Punjab, durable items, non-durable items and socio-religious ceremonies

To cite this paper:

Manjeet Kaur, Ravita & Gian Singh (2022). An Analysis of Levels, Patterns and Distribution of Consumption Expenditure among Farm Households in Rural Punjab. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 81-97.

Study was undertaken to analyze the Growth and Distribution of Microfinance in India and Rajasthan towards SHGBLP programme. Study was intended to assess the growth of financial lending program towards the SHG-BLP with reference to various regions of India and Rajasthan state to draw the major implication about growth and sustainability of Microfinance Program in India. Tuky-HSD Post-hoc comparisons were used for the analysis to draw the inferences by using the variables loan disbursements, number of SHGs, NPAs, loan outstanding and savings through SHG-BLP. Analysis was carried out Region-Wise, Bank-Wise and State-wise to investigate the all dimensional impact. Findings concluded that southern region of India was found the most effectively performing towards SHG-BLP due to effective implementation of SHPIs, and monitoring over-borrowings by SHGs. Commercial banks were found performing better than RRBs and CRBs in Rajasthan in extension of financial lending towards SHG-BLP but also contributing in the generation of highest amount of loan outstanding implies the repayment issues in borrowed loan by SHGs and overdue of banks. Rajasthan was found performing better in loan-disbursements towards SHG-BLP than many states of India but its financial lending program also consist higher loan outstanding implies over-borrowing issues, lack of monitoring, lack of coordination of SHPIs and receiving lower grants for conducting MEDPs, LEDPs, and other training programs..

Keywords: Microfinance, Sustainability, Tuky-HSD Post-Hoc, SHGBLP, loan-disbursements, NPAs, Loan-outstanding

JEL Codes: G21, C23

To cite this paper:

Hemlata Manglani (2022). Growth and Sustainability of Microfinance Program in India and Rajasthan: Tuky- HSD Post-HOC Comparisons. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 99-119.

The present study reveals that 96.33 per cent of the Dalit woman labour households are under debt in the rural areas of Punjab. The average amount of debt per indebted household as well as per sampled household is recorded at Rs.54342.98 and 52378.03, respectively. This amount of debt may appear to be little, but its burden is quite unbearable for these Dalit woman labour households. Because of this debt, these households have to face many serious consequences. Further, these poor households, on an average, owe 80.40 per cent of total debt from the non-institutional sources and the remaining, i.e., 19.60 per cent from the institutional sources. It is deplorable to note that 69.04 per cent of the total debt is incurred at more than 24 per cent rate of interest per annum in the rural areas of Punjab.

To cite this paper:

Dharam Pal, Gian Singh, Veerpal Kaur, Gurinder Kaur & Jyoti (2022). Magnitude and Determinants of Indebtedness among Dalit Woman Labour Households in Rural Punjab. Indian Journal of Applied Economics and Business. 4(1), 121-138.