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The present paper estimates the drivers of education spending of households across economic groups. The questions that are explored include: (i) does expenditure on education vary across economic groups and over time? In other words, whether expenditure elasticity varies by levels of income and over time? (ii) The subsidiary question is to understand the gender bias in education spending across these groups? As a corollary to this, at which levels of education and to what extent the gender bias in expenditure on education is estimated using the hurdle model. The paper uses the NSSO survey data of 52nd, 64th and 71st rounds, relating to schedule 25.2, on Social Consumption: Participation in Education. Based on the expenditure elasticity, it has been found that middle class spend proportionately more than bottom (justifiably) but also at the top expenditure quintiles. The difference between middle and top expenditure groups elasticity is marginally advantageous to the middle and the gap widening in the 71st round. This emerging middle class and their aspirations for education and upward mobility is noticeable. Years of schooling of the head of the household has a positive and significant probability of family spending on education over expenditure classes and across time. Point to be noted is in the middle expenditure group, the average effect is more compared to top expenditure category, like the one observed in per capita consumption expenditure. Yet another significant factor the skill type of the head of the households. Skill type, depict that positive and significant the probabilities of family spending on education over full and sub-samples.

The caste dummy, that being SC/ST (socially deprived section of the population) statistically and significantly reduces the probability of spending on education across the board. Children who reside in rural areas (D_sector) spend less family expenditure on education compared to those who live in urban areas. The female bias in 10-14 age group is quite substantial and has widened in 2014 compared to previous years. In age class pertaining to secondary schooling 15-19, the female bias is apparent, compared to earlier rounds of data 1995-96, extended. There is clear statistically significant gender bias across expenditure groups. The bias is though prevalent across expenditure groups, seems to have more among the bottom expenditure class compared to middle and top expenditure groups. This phenomenon is found across all three rounds of data, indicating that gender bias had remained during the two decades. The moot question here is will this gender bias alter? If transforms, when will it alter and how long will it take for such change? In the absence of such a move, what ought to be the government’s policy towards financing of education especially on girls given the immense positive externalities of girls’ education?

Keywords: Family spending, spending on education, income groups, NSSO, gender

Covid-19 pandemic has caused a significant impact on the hotel industry. This study examines the impact of Covid-19 on the hotel industry and the recovery strategies the hoteliers to adopt to sustain their businesses. In this study, the external variable, Covid-19 severity, independent variables, decreased occupancy rate, decreased revenue, continued fixed cost, operational costs and job cuts, mediating variable intervention are discussed to examine their relationship with hotel sustainability. Data were collected from 197 hotel employees or owners. This research used simple linear regression and multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between the external variable, independent variables, mediating variable, and the dependent variable. The results show that sustainability in Malaysian hotel industry can be achieved through intervention. This study supports the Contingency theory and gives valuable information to Malaysian hoteliers to adopt effective recovery strategies in the hotel industry in Malaysia.

Keywords: Covid-19, Movement Control Order (MCO), hotel industry, recovery strategies, sustainability, Malaysia

In this present study, an attempt is made to examine the impact of rainfall on agriculture sector in Haryana State for last two decades. Secondary data and simple statistical tools are used for the analysis. There is deficient rainfall in the state during the study period, with the exception of some years. Study found, high correlation between Rainfall and Production of various crops. In spite of 92 percent irrigated area of total cropped area in state, cropped area, production and yield for primary crops declined over the study period which creates doubts regarding the quality, sufficiency and efficiency of available irrigation facilities of the state. Consequently, average growth rates of Gross State Domestic Product from Agriculture and share of agriculture in state income declined over the study period. Poverty level and Consumer Price Index also increased rapidly in rural sector of the state. Farmers migrated from agriculture to other sectors, especially to non-manufacturing sector instead of manufacturing and service sector, for the job and better earnings. On the basis of findings, it may be inferring that climate change adversely affected the livelihood of the farmers in agriculture sector in various manners in Haryana state, in spite of availability of irrigation facilities at large scale as claimed by state.

Keywords: Climate Change, Agriculture Sector Haryana, Rainfall, Economic Aspects, Farmers.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between financial development and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India from 1960 to 2020. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is used to determine the causal direction. As per the findings of the study, financial development has a significant effect on CO2 emissions. Moreover, economic development and investment, have a detrimental effect on environmental quality because it releases a significant amount of CO2 emissions into the environment. Our empirical findings confirmed the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve. The outcomes of the VECM show that the long-run causality can be noticed in CO2 emissions, financial development, and investment. Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the results were verified by using a variety of diagnostic tests. This research presents novel results that add to the current literature and may be of particular importance to the country’s policymakers regarding the financial system and its importance in environmental problems.

Over the last four decades, workers participation has emerged as a major marker of democracy around India. This article engages the ratio of the different types of workers participation using by the rural as well as urban institutions. The research paper primarily based on secondary source of data adopted from census report of government. The finding from the analysis reveals that the marginal workers are the important indicator of the less developing economy.

Keywords: Main Worker, Marginal Worker, Non-worker, Census, Decades.

Pottery artisans represents a significant segment of the artisanal workforce, contributing to cultural heritage and economic sustainability. However, their socioeconomic well-being remains largely understudied. This research paper presents a comprehensive assessment of socio-economic conditions of pottery artisans in Delhi and Haryana focusing on the dimensions of human, financial, natural, physical and social capital. Data was collected through pre-structured questionnaire to capture the multifaceted aspects of pottery artisans livelihood. The study reveals various challenges faced pottery artisans, including the limited access to education, insufficient infrastructure. The implications of these findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and policy measures to enhance the soc io-economic c onditions of pottery artisans. Strengthening human capital through skill development programs, improving the financial inclusions, sustainable of natural resources, upgrading the infrastructure and fostering the community based initiatives are recommended to support the livelihood of pottery artisans in Delhi and Haryana.

Keywords: Pottery, challenges, Delhi, Haryana, Capitals, Socio-economic variables.

The primary source of income for the majority of people in rural India is agriculture, both directly and indirectly. The Indian government has occasionally unveiled a variety of programs and strategies to allocate funds to rural areas of the country. The Kisan Credit Card Program is among them. It’s a credit which was launched by Govt. of India throughout the year 1998-99. It’s an official source of credit that has several uses. The agencies selected for the study are commercial banks, cooperatives and RRBs. The KCCs Scheme’s implementation from 2010-11 to 2020-21 in India is an area of the study. With regard to the quantity of cards that were issued and the amount sanctioned. its objective is to evaluate the growth and efficacy of the kisan credit card system in India. There was a tendency of fluctuations in the quantity of cards that were issued and the amount of loans sanctioned under the KCC system in India throughout the time of research. The cumulative annual growth rates for the total number of cards that were issued and the approved loan amount were 26.35 per cent and 21.92 per cent, respectively. The amount of loans sanctioned by cooperative banks and RRBs increased at rates of 29.93 per cent and 29.27 per cent respectively, while the number of cards that were issued by cooperative banks expanded at the fastest rate of 26.79 per cent agency-wise.

Keywords: KCCs program, Growth and Performance