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Globally childhood malnutrition manifesting as stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight is the biggest cause for disease burden and millions of deaths of children under five years. India is the home for more than one-third of the world’s malnourished children despite being one of the first countries in the world that implements a strong and universal immunisation programme. Empirical evidence suggests a strong positive effect of maternal education on the health of children. This paper analyses the effect of maternal education on the nutritional status of children in India using the 2015-16 fourth round National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV) data and applying the multinomial logistic regression method. The estimated odds ratios show that maternal education significantly reduces the risks of the child being stunted or wasted or underweight or all of these of a child. A woman with at least primary education gives better care and health to her child and reduce the risk of the child being malnourished. Months of breastfeeding, child’s birth weight, mother’s age, place of delivery are the other determinants of the nutritional status of children in India.

Key words: Maternal education, empowerment, intrahousehold allocation, child nutrition, multinomial logit estimation.

JEL classification: C25, I12, I31, J13, J16

This research set out to investigate whether economic growth has an impact on CO2 emissions in G7 and BRICS countries, and whether the Paris Agreement has been effective in respect to CO2 emissions by successfully analysing each of the five null hypotheses. This was achieved through analysing the 12 countries between 1990 to 2019. A panel AMG method was applied as the main econometric estimator, being able to account for both CD and heterogeneity, it seemed to be the most efficient panel estimation method. The findings differing when analysing the all countries in the panel together, to when examining individual relationships. Alongside this, cointegration and causality tests were applied to help understand the relationship between CO2, GDP, and energy consumption. The robustness of the panel data analysis is checked by employing both per capita and real figures for all 12 countries.

A key finding from this study is that the EKC hypothesis does not stand true for all individual countries. Although, a long-run equilibrium relationship between CO2 emission, GDP, and energy consumption for the entire panel is found for real level figures, individually the results vary. Saying this, the findings suggest a longrun equilibrium relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP, and energy consumption and strong causality between variables.

Alongside this, the decline in G7 countries real level CO2 since the signing of the Paris Agreement and the results of the optimal GDP level both support the differences between BRICS and G7 countries. These findings support the Green Solow Model (Brock and Taylor, 2010), suggesting that once a countries growth rate stabilises, technological progress can lead to a decline in CO2 emissions, tending towards net zero emissions. Acknowledging that continued economic growth brings greater harm to the environment is critical for the design of appropriate developing strategies for emerging economies and understanding whether the ambitious aims of achieving net zero emission by 2050 can be achieved at the current pace of change, this reinforces the Paris agreements suggestion of developed countries taking the lead on reducing emissions seem to be a far and realistic predication based on this studies results.

Key words: CO2 emissions, economic growth, and energy consumption

JEL: E2, C1, Q4, Q5

This article explores the impact of Chinese investment flows on the growth rate of 49 SSA countries over the period from 2003 to 2020. The estimation strategy consists of building the capital stock using the perpetual inventory method (PIM). The quantile estimator has the advantage of being robust in the case of outliers and / or scattered errors because it penalizes deviations less. We will apply the appropriate estimation strategy (Canay, 2011) in order to neutralize the econometric problem of incident parameters. Our results confirm a positive impact of Chinese investments on GDP per capita in SSA, which remains limited.

Key words: Chinese FDI, GDP per capita,Sub-Saharan Africa, PIM method,Two-step estimator, Quantile Regression.

JEL Classification: O4, F21, F43

The concept of women empowerment is vital for the growth of an individual as well as a group. Women constitute almost half of the population in the Indian state where this study is conducted. If all women have an opportunity for better learning and education, there would be significant economic additions and growth leading to women empowerment. Interventions and initiatives have been made to create good livelihood means leading to increase the female number in workforce. However, during the process, some vital variables restricting women participation and contribution are not well taken care of. The motivations that moved this study are meagre cognitive developments of women in formative years. They lack freedom to pursue one’s ambitions and a woman’s self-belief of being un-capable. The study attempts to explain the link between human development and economic growth in three obligatory areas of sanitation, education and entrepreneurship. Enablement of a woman to feel empowered is the basic drive that will motivate for new adventures. This study is undertaken at the grass root level particularly for the women entrepreneurs who have been hitherto neglected and some of them received help under the government sponsored schemes. A public-private partnership model is very much required to achieve the goals in promoting women entrepreneurship in true spirit, this study suggests. The study also emphasises the importance for creating and developing more of an egalitarian society.

Key words: human development, economic growth, sanitation, education, entrepreneurship

This study examines moderating effects of institutional quality on the human capital development-service sector output nexus employing autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique based on annual time series in Nigeria from 1971-2019. Institutional variables used are bureaucratic quality, control of corruption and democratic accountability. Findings indicate that human capital development accentuates service sector output which is consistent with prevailing literature. Although all the measures of institutional quality were positively related with service sector output, the efficacy of control of corruption in accentuating sector output is than that of bureaucratic quality and democratic accountability. The insignificant effects in both short run and long run is suggestive of weak institutions that has not efficiently contribute to service sector output in Nigeria. This offers for policy support to improve the quality of existing institutions.

Key words: Institutional quality, human capital development, bureaucratic quality, control of corruption, democratic accountability, service sector

In this paper, we compared Indian states in terms of infrastructure development and economic development and identified the states that are lagging behind both in terms of infrastructure and economic development. The study also investigates the role of infrastructure in determining the level of economic development across Indian states. To identify the state level development of infrastructure and economic development, two composite indices namely, composite index of infrastructure development and a composite index of economic development have been estimated using the most commonly used multivariate techniques of factor analysis known as principal components analysis techniques. Our finding shows vast differences among the states both in the level of infrastructure development and economic development. Further, we found that variations in the availability of basic infrastructure facilities across states largely explain the persisting inter-state differences in the level of economic development.

Key words: Infrastructure, Disparities, Development, Indices,

Customer loyalty can be monitored for the future and its challenge for enterprises in an organization.Democracy enterprises in an organization mostly embark customer satisfaction in term of their perception.This conclusive and empirical study is to investigate customer relationship management performance characteristic. Objective of this study is to investigate relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty in delivery industries. This is a study to describe the characteristic of customer and to determine the degree to which marketing variables associated and significant relationship. The dimensions for customer relationship management performance factors are customer intention. This study was conducted in Pulau Pinang, Selangor and Johor Bharu. Furthermore individual customers that use logistic service are sampled. In addition, the total respondents of the questionnaires are three hundred and ninety one. The method of this study is applied research and respondents are individual customers from three logistic companies. For this study, questionnaire on likert scale is applied on this survey. According to findings, the result showed that, customer intention is significant to the study. Lastly this study also conducted using SEM analysis. Further study is important to customer effects study in organization.This is because the findings will support management of SMEs to know the relationship progress and highly varied Customer Relationship Management practices. In addition, future trend is indulgent contextual factors value added that will embark Customer Relationship Management as well as innovation and new product development sustainability.

Key words: Customer Relationship Management, Customer Intention, SEM analysis, SME.

Nigeria is a paradox of a rich country inhabited by majority poor who lives under an extreme scorch of poverty owing to some factors such as mismanagement of resources, corruption, poor policies, misplacement of priorities and poor micro and macroeconomics setting. This study is an examination of the nature and pattern of poverty in Nigeria within the period 1999-2017 specifically in consideration with the rich natural and human resources that the country is endowed with. The methodology adopted for this research is the use of empiricism. Secondary data was relied on in the research including books, journals, reports from national and international organisations, statistics from national and international institutions and internet sources. The data obtained were analysed and discussed using tables, maps, charts, percentage analysis and other statistical tools where necessary. The data obtained were supported with the existing literature in the field and the adopted theory to explain the findings. The major findings of the research include the fact that Nigeria has the potential of providing decent means of living for its subjects through making of sound policies but, the policymakers deliberately ignored this leverage. Majority of Nigerians are poor because they are intentionally pushed into it through negligence and distorted fake policies that are never meant to improve their lives. The research discovered that with a good leadership and a sincere approach, commitment and desire for development, Nigeria can be a country with a prosperous population that can live a decent life in future.

Key words: Poverty, Nigeria, Development, Policies, Deprivation, Hunger

This research was set out to assess whether demographic dividend is a far-fetched dream for most countries in Sub Saharan Africa. To achieve this aim, the research draws from a wide range of secondary sources, including data from publications as well as past research and. Evidence gathered from this study shows that the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region is still at the early stage of demographic transition thereby lagging when compared to other regions. Also, findings revealed that there are a plethora of challenges the region is faced with such as unemployment, high fertility and mortality rates, poverty, and corruption among others which are barriers to achieving demographic dividend. Nevertheless, on the other hand, available evidence shows that the region has made some progress in recent times such as the decrease in military coups which has guaranteed some sort of political stability compared to her past, and the trade harmonisation in the region through the African Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). Similarly, the nature of the age structure of the region appears enticing and capable of delivering the region the muchneeded economic development (demographic dividend) she needs if properly harnessed. However, after thorough analysis and evaluation of available evidence, the research concluded by aligning with the position that achieving demographic dividend may be a far-fetch dream for most countries in the Sub Saharan African region. Some policy recommendations were made with key emphasis on education, dulling out of modern and safe contraception, bridging the gap of gender inequality and investing in social amenities.

Key words: Demographic dividend, Demographic transition, Population Theory, East Asian Miracle, Sub-Saharan Africa

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causes and impact of child labour on growth and development of working children in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir. Primary data were collected from 276 children working in hotels, restaurants, tea stalls, sweet shops, poultry farming, dairy farming, construction works, bakeries, repair shops, private homes and various small manufacturing units located in Jammu district of J&K. Statistical techniques like SEM, One-way ANOVA and t-test were applied for data analysis. The finding of the study reveals that child labour present everywhere in the world, but in J&K, it has an exceptional grounds, urge and dearth of financial resources. There exists no policy on child labour in J&K state as child labour goes unchecked and the Child labour Act 1986 seems ineffective and resting in books only. The current study is restricted to Jammu district only because of time and resources constraints. Children were sometimes not willing to respond correctly in presence of their employers. Being teenager, it was difficult to get satisfactory answers from them, sometimes they could not even go after the questions, and hence the possibility of subjectivity in some cases cannot be ruled out. The current study advances debate on eradication of child labour through creating employment opportunities. The study also makes contribution towards the existing literature relating to child labour and fulfils the research gap to some extent by investigating the causes and impact of Child Labour on growth and development of working children in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir.

Key words: Child labour, poverty, unemployment, caste system, illiteracy, lack of awareness.