Effect of Baking Time-temperature Combination on the Formation of Processing Toxicants and Physicochemical Properties of Biscuit
Acrylamide (AA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation in baked goods is a concern due to their potential health risks. This study investigated the effects of different baking time-temperature combinations on the formation of HMF and AA and biscuits’ physicochemical, sensory, and textural properties. Results revealed that increasing baking time and temperature significantly decreased biscuits’ residual reducing sugar and asparagine levels. Additionally, color analysis showed increased browning intensity with higher baking temperatures, indicating the presence of melanoidins. The sensory evaluation demonstrated that overall acceptability increased with baking time and temperature, particularly at 180°C for 20 and 25 min. Finally, AA and HMF content in biscuits increased significantly with higher baking temperatures and longer durations. This study provides valuable insights for the food industry to produce healthier and safer biscuit products.
Keywords: Baking, Time-Temperature Reducing sugar, Acrylamide, Hydroxymethylfurfural, Asparagine.
Verma, V., Singh, Z., & Yadav, N. 2024. Effect of Baking Time-temperature Combination on the Formation of Processing Toxicants and Physicochemical Properties of Biscuit. Journal of Food and Agriculture Research, 4: 2, pp. 113-130. https://doi.org/10.47509/JFAR.2024.v04i02.01
Green Energy as an Alternative for the Preservation of Muscle Foods
Solar thermoelectric coolers (STCs) present a promising solution for preserving muscle foods (meat and fish) in an environment lacking reliable electricity or traditional refrigeration infrastructure. This article explores the feasibility and potential benefits of using STCs for muscle food preservation, focusing on their ability to harness solar energy efficiently and convert it into cooling power through thermoelectric principles. Key advantages include their off-grid operation, making them suitable for remote areas; their environmentally friendly nature, reducing carbon footprint compared to conventional methods; and their reliability with minimal maintenance requirements. Despite initial investments and cooling capacity limitations, opportunities for enhancement and scalability exist. Overall, STCs offer a sustainable and effective means to ensure the freshness and safety of muscle food, crucial for both economic viability and public health in underserved regions.
Keywords: Muscle food preservation,
Biswasl, O., & Darwin, A.S. 2024. Green Energy as an Alternative for the Preservation of Muscle Foods. Journal of Food and Agriculture Research, 4: 2, pp. 131-139. https://doi.org/10.47509/JFAR.2024.v04i02.02
Analysis of the Volatility of the Price of Cassava in Cameroon: Implications for Food Security
With a contribution of up to 71% to CEMAC production, Cameroon is one of the major producers of cassava and taro, accounting for more than 83% of root and tuber production. It is the 11th largest producer in the world and the 4th in Africa. Cassava is a vital food source for over 500 million people, ranking as the third-largest source of calories in the tropics after rice and maize. Its importance as a source of income for the majority of poor rural farmers in Cameroon cannot be overstated. However, there has been a persistent increase in the prices of cassava and other food commodities in Cameroon. This study was designed to investigate the determinants of cassava price volatility in Cameroon over the period 1994-2022. The TAR-MTAR method was employed in this study. Our results showed that cassava prices increased significantly by an average of 46 % annually, with a volatility level of 30.8% annually and 177.8% over the entire period (1994-2022). This indicates that cassava prices have been rising rapidly and unpredictably, which can have various implications for consumers, farmers, and the economy as a whole. The research demonstrated that cassava price volatility occurred at the beginning, middle, and end of the year due to factors such as climate change, cassava yield, and interest rates. It has been suggested that the government should implement a mapping policy and selling models to ensure a stable supply of cassava.
Keywords: Volatility, Cassava, Food security, Cameroon.
Mbarga Evouna Joseph Serge 2024. Analysis of the Volatility of the Price of Cassava in Cameroon: Implications for Food Security. Journal of Food and Agriculture Research, 4: 2, pp. 141-168. https://doi.org/10.47509/JFAR.2024.v04i02.03
Comprehensive Analysis of Proximate, Antioxidant, Functional, and Anti-Nutritional Properties of Millet Flour: A Comparative Study of Brown Top Millet, Little Millet, and Foxtail Millet
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the proximate composition, antioxidant activity, functional properties, and anti-nutritional factors of flours derived from three millet varieties: Brown Top Millet (Panicum ramosum), Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense), and Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica). The proximate analysis revealed significant variations in the nutritional composition, with Foxtail Millet exhibiting the highest protein content (11.92 ± 0.11%) and moisture content (11.06 ± 0.35%), while Brown Top Millet showed the highest carbohydrate content (75.47 ± 0.00%) and ash content (5.38 ± 0.31%). Functional property assessment indicated that all millet flours had similar bulk density (0.10 ± 00 g/ml), with Little Millet demonstrating the highest oil absorption capacity (245.51 ± 0.50%) and Foxtail Millet exhibiting the highest swelling power (9.41 ± 2.45 g/g). Antioxidant analysis highlighted Foxtail Millet as having superior antioxidant activity, with DPPH radical scavenging activity of 85.38 ± 0.10%, total phenolic content of 77.15 ± 0.25 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid content of 74.15 ± 0.06 mg/g. The study also identified antinutritional factors, with Little Millet showing the lowest phytic acid content (330 ± 0.10 mg/100g) but the highest tannin content (3.33 ± 0.67%). The findings demonstrate the unique nutritional and functional properties of each millet type, offering valuable insights for their application in food product development and potential health benefits.
Keywords: Proximate analysis, Functional properties, Antioxidant activity, Antinutritional factors, Foxtail millet, Brown top millet, Little millet, Nutritional composition.
Tiwari, M., Kaur, D., & Puranik, V. 2024. Comprehensive Analysis of Proximate, Antioxidant, Functional, and Anti-Nutritional Properties of Millet Flour: A Comparative Study of Brown Top Millet, Little Millet, and Foxtail Millet. Journal of Food and Agriculture Research, 4: 2, pp. 169-180. https://doi.org/10.47509/JFAR.2024.v04i02.04
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Alternaria Alternata Causing Leaf and Fruit spot Symptoms on Sweet Orange from Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh
Necrotic spots on leaves and fruits were observed on sweet orange trees during July and August of 2023 and 2024. Severely affected leaves and fruits exhibited premature drop. The pathogen was isolated from these spots, and its morphological characteristics were examined. The fungal colonies cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) displayed ashy black mycelium, with conidia arranged in chains featuring both transverse and longitudinal septa, leading to the identification of the pathogen as Alternaria alternata. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1alpha) regions of the fungal isolate further confirmed its identity as Alternaria alternata. The pathogenicity of selected isolates was validated through the detached leaf assay technique. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first documented case of A. alternata causing foliar and fruit spots, as well as blight, in the Tirupati district.
Kavitha M., Nagaraju, R., & Madhumati, C. 2024. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Alternaria Alternata Causing Leaf and Fruit spot Symptoms on Sweet Orange from Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Food and Agriculture Research, 4: 2, pp. 181-193. https://doi.org/10.47509/JFAR.2024.v04i02.05