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Journal of History, Art and Archaeology

Journal of History, Art and Archaeology

Frequency :Bi-Annual

ISSN :2582-9637

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Table of Content :-Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Vol:3, Issue:1, Year:2023

ICONOGRAPHY OF PILGRIMAGE SITES: READINGS THROUGH THE MURAL PAINTINGS OF NATTAM KOVILPATTI, TAMIL NADU

BY :   Myneni Krishna Kumari
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.1-12
Received: 16 January 2023  | Revised: 20 February 2023  | Accepted : 27 February 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.01 

The sacred sites of Hinduism or the places of Hindu pilgrimage may be regarded as pan-Indian as they attract the people residing in all parts of India. These sites are glorified in literature, oral traditions, and in the Sthala Pura?n?as of the temples and the visual arts. Among the mural paintings of South India of late medieval times, the cycle of topographic paintings of the Kaila?sana?tha temple at Nattam Kovilpatti is very elaborate as they cover a large number of pilgrimage sites of different sects of Hinduism. The present paper is an attempt to examine the iconography of the sacred centres as portrayed in the mural paintings and narrated in the popular temple myths or Sthala Pura?n?as for a better understanding of the religious traditions and practices observed by the people of medieval India. The concepts of ‘sacred geography’, ‘sacredscape’ and ‘faithscape’ are briefly dealt with in analysing the network of pilgrimage and the religious symbolism with the help of the mural paintings through iconographic and iconological approaches. The study provides some new insight into the religious harmony, the familiarity of the donors and devotees of the temple with different kinds of pilgrim centres and the popularity of certain sacred centres.

 

Key words: Kaila?sana?tha temple, Sthala Pura?N?as, pushkarin?i, A?divara?ha, Karuppusa?mi

Kumari, M.K. (2023). Iconography of Pilgrimage Sites: Readings through the Mural Paintings of Nattam Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.01

IMAGES OF DURGA-MAHISAMARDINI IN NORTH BENGAL: A HISTORICAL AND ICONOGRAPHICAL STUDY

BY :   Banani Sarkar and Tapas Biswas
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.13-22
Received: 19 January 2023  | Revised: 24 February 2023  | Accepted : 09 March 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.02 

Saktism is quite popular in the region of Bengal in eastern India where the Devi is worshipped in her different manifestations and known by different names. In this context, mention may be made about one of the major and popular manifestations of the Devi known as Durga-Mahisamardini, particularly in North Bengal. Various black basalt and sand stone images of Mahisamardini have been recovered from different parts of undivided Bengal and are now preserved in different museums of North Bengal. The present study is an attempt to understand the historical and iconographical context of these Mahisamardini images. These icons have been classified according to various parameters, such as find spot, time period, material used, and stylistic type so as to examine spatial and temporal similarities and variations.
???????Keywords: Sculpture, Samap?dasth?naka , Tribhanga, stelae, Lalit?sana, icon, Padma Khadga, Tri??la, Mukuta.


Sarkar, B., & Biswas, T. (2023). Images of Durga-Mahisamardini in North Bengal: A Historical and Iconographical Study. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 13-22. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.02

DURG? IN THE ROYAL EPIGRAPHS OF EARLY MEDIEVAL BENGAL

BY :   Gourav Debnath
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.23-26
Received: 29 January 2023  | Revised: 10 March 2023  | Accepted : 19 March 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.03 

Epigraphic evidence mostly in the form of copper plate inscriptions of early medieval Bengal are an extremely important source for reconstructing the history of undivided Bengal. These epigraphs help us to understand the political and economic scenario, genealogy, identification of different geo - political units besides providing pivotal information about the religious and cultural life of Bengal. Generally, royal inscriptions mostly record important information regarding administrative aspects, donations etc. Mention of Durg? in various copper plate inscriptions by different rulers of Bengal clearly indicates the socio-political significance of the deity. In royal epigraphs repeated appearance of the Dev? with numerous epithets and related stories suggests her popularity in early medieval Bengal. On the other hand, these epigraphs are also historically significant in order to understand the evolution of Mahi?amardin? in Bengal.

Keywords: Early Medieval Bengal, Royal Epigraphs, Copper Plate Inscriptions, Mahi?amardin?, ?ivapriy?, Um?, Durg?, Transformation.

Debnath, G. (2023). Durg? in the Royal Epigraphs of Early Medieval Bengal. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 23-26. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.03

THE DISPOSAL METHOD OF THE DEAD IN TUENSANG VILLAGE, NAGALAND

BY :   R. Chumbeno Ngullie
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.27-31
Received: 12 February 2023  | Revised: 16 March 2023  | Accepted : 11 April 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.04 

Every society disposes of the dead with great care and respect since ancient times. It is carried out with conscious effort and solemnity. Different communities follow different ways of disposing of the dead according to their cultural practices and philosophical beliefs. This paper examines the method of disposal of the deceased in Tuensang village which is inhabited by the Chang Nagas. Before their conversion to Christianity, the Changs practiced different methods of disposing of the dead, one of which involves a secondary skull burial in rock shelters. However, after embracing Christianity most of their cultural practices have been given up by them.

Keywords: Tuensang Village, Chang Nagas, Secondary Skull Burial

Ngullie, R.C. (2023). The Disposal Method of the Dead in Tuensang Village, Nagaland. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 27-31. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.04

VEDIC WISDOM OF ?TA, THE COSMIC LAW: ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN LIFE

BY :   Anantasri Boddupalli and Raghava S. Boddupalli
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.33-39
Received: 19 February 2023  | Revised: 26 March 2023  | Accepted : 18 April 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.05 

The basic tenets of advanced human living are found in the Vedas. ?ta is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. In the hymns of the Vedas, ?ta is described as that which is ultimately responsible for the proper functioning of the natural, moral and sacrificial orders. Conceptually, it is closely allied to the injunctions and ordinances thought to uphold it. The eternal law, while upholding the cosmic order, also produces beauty, symmetry, and symphony. ?ta is also treated as cognate with satya (truth) and dharma (righteousness), which are laws that are common for both the divine and human. But there are subtle differences between them. The Vedas inculcate moral truth and dwell upon the importance of virtuous conduct. ?ta, the divine law, is revealed in the ?gveda (RV), ?ukla Yajurveda (SYV), K???a Yajurveda (KYV), Atharvaveda (AV), ?ra?yaka and Upani?hads. The term ‘?ta’ is comprehensively discussed in the Vedas and detailed more number of times in the RV when compared to other Vedas.

Keywords: Vedas, ?ta, Dharma, Satya, Cosmic order, Natural law

Abbreviations: AV - Atharvaveda, KYV - K???a Yajurveda, MU - Mundaka Upani?ad, RV - ?gveda, SYV - ?ukla Yajurveda, TU - Taittir?ya Upani?ad, YV - Yajurveda

Boddupalli, A., & Boddupalli, R.S. (2023). Vedic Wisdom of R.TA, The Cosmic Law: Its Significance in Human Life. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 33-39. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.05

RAAVAN TOL – NEW FINDINGS OF THE ROCK-CUT NATARAJA OF UDAYPUR, MADHYA PRADESH

BY :   Madan Mohan Upadhyay and Sanskriti Dixit
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.41-46
Received: 08 March 2023  | Revised: 09 April 2023  | Accepted : 11 May 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.06 

The deity Siva is portrayed in a variety of divine roles, but Siva as Nataraja or “lord of the dance” was the one that rose to prominence as a representation of Chola power from circa eight to tenth centuries CE, especially bronze icons. However, the antiquity of the Nataraja images can be traced back to the sixth century CE. These images were usually represented in metal or stone in many Saivite temples, particularly in South India. In Madhya Pradesh, stone Nataraja are found from ninth century CE onwards. This paper focuses upon the massive sculpture of Raavan Tol, a eleventh century CE stone Nataraja, found upon a hill, in the village of Udaypur, district Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh

Keywords: Madhya Pradesh, Monolith, Paramara, Siva, stone Nataraja, Udyaditya, Udaypur.

Upadhyay, M.M. & Dixit, S. (2023). Raavan Tol – New Findings of the Rock-Cut Nataraja of Udaypur, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 41-46. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.06

LOCATING MUGHAL STATE FORMATION IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION: TWO REGIONAL CASE STUDIES

BY :   Aniket Tathagata Chettry
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.47-57
Received: 18 March 2023  | Revised: 19 April 2023  | Accepted : 21 May 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.07 

The paper explores the expansion of Mughal political authority across the Himalayan region. The paper takes up two polities- the Parmars situated in the Central Himalayan region and the Kochs who were the rulers of Koch kingdom located in sub-Himalayan Bengal. Using these two regional case studies, this paper attempts to throw light on some of the strategies adopted by the Mughals to consolidate their imperial hold over smaller ruling elites of the Himalayan belt. The strategies examined in this paper are diverse - ranging from policies of collaboration to use of coercion. Internal dissensions within these regional ruling houses and the constant pressure exerted by the superior economic and military resources of the Mughals also contributed in convincing some Parmar and Koch rulers to acknowledge Mughal supremacy. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the gamut of complex negotiations that shaped the trajectory of Mughal relations with local rulers of Garhwal and Koch Behar. An understanding of these relations would help in giving a coherent idea of the interactions between the Mughals and local ruling houses (both within and outside the Himalayan region), vital to any discussion on the nature of Mughal state formation. The final part of the paper argues that Mughal ambitions of consolidating their political authority over the Himalayan region was also dependent on their ability to reach out and win the support of the varied local social groups existing below the ruling elite. This paper contends that the failure of winning the support of such groups made it all the more difficult for the Mughals to exercise complete political authority over various localities in the Himalayan region. The concluding portion of the paper makes it evident that Mughal state formation in the Himalayan region and beyond needs to be evaluated in terms of the relations of the Mughals with the various local ruling houses as well as with numerous local social groups comprising of peasants, artisans, merchants, religious preachers, to name a few, all of whom existed as co-sharers of imperial sovereignty.

Keywords: Mughals, Regional History, Conflict, Diplomacy, Local social forces.

Chettry, A.T. (2023). Locating Mughal State Formation in the Himalayan Region: Two Regional Case Studies. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 47-57. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.07

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE BRAHMANICAL TEMPLES OF ODISHA

BY :   Rudra Prasad Behera
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.59-67
Received: 28 March 2023  | Revised: 30 April 2023  | Accepted : 31 May 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.08 

The temple building practice of Odisha is prominent due to its number, size and volume latently progressing throughout ages. The land of Odisha witnessed the emergence of Brahmanical temple architecture from the reign of the Sailodbhavas dynasty (c. 6th-8th centuries CE). The classic temple building tradition underwent various phases - formative phase, mature phase and declining phase. The gradual development of the Brahmanical edifices evolved on a large scale from 6th to 16th century CE in Odisha. This resulted in the erection of thousands of temples throughout the state. Architecturally, we find varied structures of the different sects like Vaisnavite, Saivite and Shakta. The indigenous temple building tradition of Odisha is based on several silpa texts like the Bhubana Pradipa, Silpa Prakash, Silpa Pothi, etc. and known as the Kalingan style of architecture. The architectural and sculptural features of the Kalingan style of temples are often supported by the epigraphic and textual records. The temples building tradition form a glorious chapter in the socio-economic and cultural landscape of the region. It is proposed to examine the distinct architectural designs, in order to understand the architectural patterns and tradition.

Keywords: Rekha, Pidha, Khakara, Bhubanapradipa, Parsvadevata, Navagraha Saptamatrika, Dikpala.

Behera, R.P. (2023). Architectural Features of the Brahmanical Temples of Odisha. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 59-67. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.08

PROTOTYPE OF GRID IN URBAN HISTORY OF SINDH, PAKISTAN

BY :   Javaria Shaikh
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.69-84
Received: 16 April 2023  | Revised: 13 May 2023  | Accepted : 20 May 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.09 

The use of urban grid has a long history of evolution and the precision of urban grid used today is not a coincidental occurrence but an overlap of several transformations over centuries. There are several factors which shaped today’s modern grid. Grid has historical and spatial dimensions, varying from micro level anthropomorphic need of forward, backward and left, right human instinctive navigational system to a macro level of urbane need of human nature to move from rural unplanned life style to a more metropolitan planned city which is expandable; this is achieved by employing a universal grid form. The main objective of the present study is to retrogressively trace the origin of the prototypical grid form. It is therefore inferred that the grid originated prior to Hippodamus of Miletus (498- 408 BCE), earlier to Indus Valley (2600–1900 BCE), mature operational grid, and was prior in the presidencies of Çatalhöyük (7500 BCE to 5700 BCE). The line of reasoning followed here is that there is a homogeneous occurrence of the grid pattern ubiquitously throughout the history of cities. Prior to that, four fold variables are applied to analyse the cross-sectional regression model which explains grid system. This in turn associates present grid with three different eras of Mohenjo Daro (Indus Valley Civilization), Mehrgarh (Baluchistan) and Seven Set of Caves (Sehwan 10,000 BCE). The limitation of the investigation is the innate difficulty of the agreement and the pursuit for the derivation of the grids.
Conclusively five - P factors were characterised as the key motivation behind grid patterns. These are: People, Place, Power, Politics and Product-ability. Thus a grid urban pattern comes into being when: first of all, the power of people are united to build an urban modern city; secondly there is a place available; thirdly, technology and willingness to have a expendable navigational plan, allowing ease to move, permitting security along with infrastructure of drainage and transportation. These five P criteria fit not only the situation as late as Greek planning but is also traceable in the Indus Civilization extending up to Mehrgarh and even way back to cave dwellings where the modern grid could be found.

Shaikh, J. (2023). Prototype of Grid in Urban History of Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 69-84. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.09

FROM ROCK ART TO STREET ART- CAVES TO WALLS: AN INSIGHT INTO THE ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTED WALL ART FROM PREHISTORIC TO MODERN-DAY IN INDIA

BY :   Sonika Sandhu
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.85-96
Received: 20 April 2023  | Revised: 23 May 2023  | Accepted : 30 May 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.10 

The Indian sub-continent has a well-documented and a continuous tradition of rock art. The prehistoric rock art has slowly transitioned into the wall art of various ethnic communities such as the Gonds, Sauras, Santhals, Warli, etc. to name a few, so much so, that their wall art is known by the name of their community. These wall paintings form an important part of their culture and traditions, and are made on all important occasions and events. As these paintings move into the urban spaces, we see design elements in them incorporated in modern contemporary art forms like street art and graffiti. In this paper documentation and a comparative study has been undertaken of rock art alongside wall paintings and graffiti in urban spaces. A case study has been taken of Lodhi art district also. It was observed that through the ages man’s stylistic elements while undergoing evolution and complexity have remained constant in their essence.

Keywords: Rock art, Tribes, Graffiti, Lodhi Art District, Wall paintings

Sandhu, S. (2023). From Rock Art to Street Art-Caves to Walls: An Insight into the Artistic Development of Painted Wall Art from Prehistoric to Modern-Day in India. Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, 3: 1, pp. 85-96. https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.10

THE PEMAYANGTSE AND TAWANG MONASTERIES IN PRE-COLONIAL INDIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

BY :   Krishna Kumar Sharma
Journal of History, Art and Archaeology, Year: 2023,  Vol.3 (1),  PP.97-105
Received: 12 May 2023  | Revised: 27 May 2023  | Accepted : 10 June 2023  | Publication: 30 June 2023 
Doi No.: https://doi.org/10.47509/JHAA.2023.v03i01.11 

The monastery of Pemayangtse and the monastery of Tawang are two prominent Buddhist monasteries situated in the Eastern Himalayan region of India. The Pemayangtse monastery, located in the state of Sikkim belongs to the Nyingma tradition and was established by Master Lhastsun Namkha Jigme in 1642 CE. It was later re-established in 1705 CE during the reign of Chakdor Namgyal, the third king of Sikkim. From the time of its foundation, it remained under the control of the kings of Sikkim, being guided by their policies of the elite class. The Tawang Monastery of Arunachal Pradesh is influenced by the Gelugpa sect and was founded by Marak Lama Lodre Gyatso around 1680–1681 CE. In contrast to Pemayangtse, the Tawang Monastery has been thriving and is being nourished by the services and deeds of the common people belonging to the tribes such as Monpa and the Sherdukpen. While both are Buddhist institutions, they appear to differ in their role and functions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to identify the major similarities and differences between these monasteries which are influenced by different Buddhist traditions of Tibet by analysing their politico-social conditions. The paper is based upon field study supplemented by secondary sources.

Keywords: Tawang, Pemayangtse, Tribe, Lhopo, Monpa, Sherdukpen, Gelugpa, Nyingma


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