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As data is now becoming available and accessible, credit risk management departments in financial institutions are now engaging machine learning techniques to produce more reliable internal credit risk rating systems. In this paper, data on 17 Zimbabwean banks are used to apply and test the Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) a supervised learning data mining technique, to generate an objective, transparent, consistent, accurate, selfcontained and generalisable credit risk rating system that has varying levels of granularity and is Basel compliant. This system gives an understanding of relationships between the uses of credit ratings, the different options for rating system design and the effectiveness of internal credit rating systems. Such a system becomes useful in decision making pertaining to the determination of the amount allocated as regulatory capital in banks, which is a buffer in banks against distress and bank failure.

Keywords: Basel compliance, credit risk ratings, Logical Analysis of Data (LAD), regulatory capital.

Microeconomics applied to insurance sector has always been a challenging part of information theory in economics because of uniqueness of insurance business. In particular, reverse production cycle and consequent significance of insurance premium estimate does not allow treating this topic in traditional ways. On the other hand, the most recent articles recognize insurance as one of the most interesting research field on asymmetrical information, and particularly on correlations between risk and coverage. In this framework, actuaries would be more involved than in the past in both microeconomics theory and businss practice as their active role in both academic literature and insurance management is continuously stimulated. In this paper, the aim is to review the related literature in order to better show connections between actuarial sciences and economics, giving also some applications and insights on further improvements of this topic.

Keywords: Adverse selection; Moral hazard; Separating equilibrium; Insurance market.

JEL Classification Numbers: D4, D5, D8.

The study aims at clarifying the relation between the leadership styles and achieving organizational flexibility from the viewpoint of the employees in Gaza municipality, where the researcher chose a class sample with the number of its number of employees (136), represented in two classes (administrative, technical), which are 678, from the total study community of 1400. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the analytical descriptive approach and relied on the identification as a key data collection tool, and the study produced a number of results, the most important of which were:

???? The Gaza municipality practices the pattern of democratic leadership to a large extent (69.95%), practices the autocratic leadership to a moderate degree (63.24%), and the noninterference leadership to a moderate degree (57.84%), and the dictatorial leadership pattern (56.91%) was moderate as well.

???? The organizational flexibility of the Gaza municipality has been achieved to a moderate degree, with a ratio of 61.99 with no correlation.

???? The absence of a correlation between the exercise of the dictatorial leadership pattern and organizational flexibility

???? There is a positive correlation between command patterns (autocratically-democratic-non interference.

The study recommended:

???? The exercise of the dictatorial leadership pattern has been reduced to the lowest level, since there is no link between it and the achievement of organizational flexibility in the municipality.

???? To promote the reality of organizational flexibility in the municipality by touching on the needs of the beneficiaries and by exercising the leadership pattern until it is compatible with its achievement) and the overall degree of organizational flexibility.

Key words: Organizational Flexibility Leadership styles.

Climate change can affect the progress of the Southeast Mediterranean nations by increasing the load on those states, hence, stopping them from achieving out their economic progression. Overheating and less precipitation will cause a significant water shortage. This could unpositively impact food production and deteriorate the existing circumstance of food protection and other associated issues. The Southeast Mediterranean vicinity is anticipated to have greater bad consequences from Sea Level Upsurge than any other zone. The contemporary worldwide warming has the ability to put millions of people and essential economic activities to coastal flooding. Climate change is one of the most important challenges that humanity is facing, as it is no longer the best danger on biodiversity and food protection, however, is also impeding economic overall performance and development. It is really worth announcing that climate threats are all interlinked. For examples of the results of climate change are: global temperature upward thrust, warming oceans ice sheets, glacial retreat, decreased snow cover, rise in sea level, declining arctic sea, iceocean acidification, and desertification. This research focuses on giving attention to resolution makers at the seriousness of those risks and to factor out how risk management and insurance techniques can help within the survival of their economies. The value chain was formulated to focus on the scientific linkages between adaptation to climate changes as a Sea level rise and laser land leveling as a prerequisite to reduce saline groundwater on Mediterranean Sea Coast in North Egypt and adaptation to warming in Upper Egypt to study achieving efficiency and equity in cropping patterns in Egypt by focusing on the Strategic current global climate changes Preparedness Plan, introduction methodologies, and specific action to fight drought. As a result of optimal cropping patterns, farm income would increase by 30.391, 190.818 %, water use decrease by 28.159, 28.180 %, CO2 emission reduce by 20.582, 22.840 %, and energy reduce by 23.654, 28.546 % in the old and new lands in Egypt.

Keywords: Efficiency, Crisis, Regulation, Risk Management, Solvency.

The aim of this paper is to provide an integrate derivation of the famous model of Merz and Wüthrich in [Merz and Wüthrich (2008b)]. The formula in classical statistics framework highlights new connections and intermediate parameters that we call small Greeks, these parameters are defined by development year instead of accident year as in original work in [Merz and Wüthrich(2008b)]. Also step by step numerical investigations with R code will be presented.

Keywords: claims reserving, prediction error, claims development result, one year view.