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This paper has developed over a span of four years since I first visited Ziro valley in 2017, guided by reflections and insights that I came upon while revisiting the field in recent years in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh. The dree ritual was historically an individual household ritual for Apatani people who owned cultivable land for better crops and good harvest before 1967. However, presently Dree is celebrated in a common ground and all villages come together to celebrate it. Through this ethnomusicological study with active fieldwork participation, archiving and tools borrowed from historical ethnomusicology, I have attempted at studying the gradual shift of ritual space within the Apatani community leading to an emerging performing space which is able to accommodate and nurture the diverse range of cultural practices of miji-migung (oral tradition) traditions, traditional dance forms, story-telling and other friendly sports for recreation within the celebration of an egalitarian Dree festival. Diary entries from C.V.F Haimendorf ’s field notes on “Drii”2 helped me to conceptualize further the drastic change in the structure and historical location of the Dree ritual and the specific role played by the Nyibu (ritual specialist and performer of miji) within the Apatani community. Dree festival among the  patanis has projected a history where the feeling of nationalism and identity in post-independent India is being not only practised but also been creating a new emerging performance space and soundscapes among the Apatani people of

Arunachal Pradesh, which could be better conceptualized as a process of glocalization and inter-community sustainability.

Keywords: Community practice, miji-migung, Cultural revival.

Traditionally, tribal people share a symbiotic relationship with nature, i.e., land, water, forest, etc. They maintain a harmonious relationship with nature with a conscious effort of needs-based exploitation of natural resources in a sustainable manner. However, due to the cultural contact with the nontribal population and increased exposure to the market economy, tribal people’s perception of their natural habitat has changed. The influx of ‘modern’ occupations and technologies among the indigenous tribal communities leads to the commercial exploitation of their natural resources. Tribal people have

become more flexible in adapting to modern occupations, thus moving away from indigenous knowledge systems. However, it has both positive and negative implications among the indigenous communities. Coal mining is one economic activity in states like Nagaland, introduced in the era of modernisation and globalisation. As a result of emerging livelihood opportunities in the coal mining activity, it has been found that an increasing number of tribal people are entering into the coal mining activity.

This paper is based on an empirical study conducted in Molungkimong village under Mokokchung district, Nagaland. The study used essential tools and techniques of data collection through personal interviews, observation and focus group discussions. This paper explains the socio-economic impact of coal mining in terms of employment, land disputes, the role of women, health and ecological consequences in terms of decline in the fertility of agricultural land, water contamination, and loss of aquatic creatures in the local habitat.

Keywords: Coal mining, Tribe, Ecology, Livelihoods, Sustainability, Nagaland.

Population growth and trends are centrally important to the environment because it helps to determine the environmental impact of human activities. In this study, the World Bank database has been used. Here, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and energy intensity (EI) are considered as environmental indicators. The population indicators are the proportion of the population aged 15-64 years, and the percentage of the urban population. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered a development indicator in a country. This study tries to identify the association between population environment and development. Correlation analysis has been employed to know association and Path analysis is used to determine the important factors for environmental impacts such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The result presents that the zero-order correlation exists among energy intensity (EI), the proportion of the population aged 15-64 (P15-64), urbanization (UR), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (US$), total population (P) ) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Bangladesh and India. It is observed that 8 paths for Bangladesh and 7 paths for India out of each 12 hypothesized paths are found to be statistically significant. In Bangladesh, the total effects of exogenous variables like as energy intensity (X1) and population aged 15-64 (X2) are observed negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6) and the remaining variable like as urbanization (X3) is observed as positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions. However, in India total effects of these two exogenous variables population aged 15-64 (X2) and urbanization (X3) are observed positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6) and the remaining variable like as energy intensity (X1) is observed negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions (X6). The total effects of endogenous variables like as GDP per capita (X4) show a negative direction on carbon dioxide emissions and population (X5) shows a positive direction on carbon dioxide emissions. The study demonstrates that CO2 emission is important for environmental impact in Bangladesh and India. There is a strong association between population, GDP per capita, energy consumption and urbanization and CO2 emission in Bangladesh and India. The factors of CO2 emissions play an important role in environmental degradation. Thus, attention should be focused on using low energy consumption, and proper urbanization, particularly on modern technology which assures fewer uses of CO2 emissions in Bangladesh and India.

Climate change is a social phenomenon. The women and the men, however, do not experience climate change in identical terms. Gender disparity, in terms of vulnerability to changes in climate, persists across societies. Miserably poor economic status compounded by unavoidable dependence on natural resources for livelihood makes women relatively more vulnerable to climate change, everywhere. The women of the Sundarbans (India) are not unaware of their status. However, these women, in course of their continuous negotiation with climate change, have developed viable strategies to survive the disruptive effects of climate change in everyday life. The climate change-driven crises, as encountered and the coping strategies pursued by the women of the Sundarbans (India), have, however, failed to attract adequate attention from social researchers. The present paper, based on empirically derived data, makes a modest attempt to bridge this gap.

Keywords: Climate Change, Negotiation, Everyday life, Sundarbans

Background: The study examines the relationship between employees’ safety climate and industrial accidents in a food manufacturing company in Nigeria. Scholars identify safety climate as a plausible determinant of positive safety performance. The relationship between safety climate and industrial accidents has not attracted enough research in the food-manufacturing sector in Nigeria.

Methods: The study employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey research design to administer structured questionnaires to employees. The questionnaires assessed respondents’ views on organizational safety climate and self-reported accidents.

Results: The findings reveal a weak positive relationship between employees’ perceptions of safety and self-reported accident rate; and a difference in the perceptions of the six safety climate dimensions. Effective communication and leadership skills are the two leading factors that accounted for the variation in accident rates in the company. Findings show a high perception of the safety climate among the employees, but room for improvement in the subdimensions.

Conclusion: This study confirms there is no substitute for effective communication and leadership to achieve positive safety performance. Top management, should incorporate safety predictors into their Safety Management System to focus on regular and continuous training to promote excellent safety performance in the industries.

Keywords: Industrial Accident, Safety Climate, Communicating Safety, Leading Safety, Knowing Safety, Resourcing Safety

In the light of the Binfordian theoretical perspective of material culture, the present paper aims to understand the three dimensions of carrying bamboo basket of Kabui (the Kabui are also called Rongmei) tribe of Manipur, viz. a) utilitarian, that is, instrumental linked to its function (technomic), b) social (sociotechnic) and c) ideational relating to symbolism and social meaning (ideotechnic) of the appliance. Carrying baskets form one of the most diverse bamboo and cane-based crafts. The Kabuis of Manipur (especially the hill dwellers) produce some of the finest carrying baskets (Ka) with variation in design, size, shape and types of weave, which can be consociated with people’s perceptions of the environment, modes of economic interaction, and division of labour, particularly by gender. The technological significance of Kabui carrying baskets entails their weave patterns like wickerwork, cross weft, and diagonal or twilled, where significant relations of the pattern and design with age and sex of the carrier or user are observed.

Keywords: Binfordian, Bamboo basket, Weave patterns, Technomic, Socio-technic, Ideo-technic.

This study was conducted to appraise the socio-cultural beliefs and practices related to menstruation among the Ahom girls of upper Assam. It was carried out in three remote Ahom-dominated villages of the Dibrugarh District. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect information after obtaining informed consent from the participants and families. The present data have also been compared with other available data.

Keywords: Menstruation, knowledge, belief, practice, Ahom, Assam

Estimation of selection intensity is useful to understand the impact of natural selection on the fertility and mortality rates in the human population. Both fertility and mortality act as the major forces to determine the fitness of a particular population. The selection potential based on differential fertility and mortality has been computed among the Sonowal Kachari women of Dibrugarh district, Assam. The data is compared with other population groups inhabiting diverse bio-cultural environments from Northeast India to study the similarities and differences if any. The women aged 40 years and above, who have at least one surviving child and their husbands alive are only taken into consideration for the study. Data was collected with the help of the fertility and mortality survey schedule and the intensity of natural selection was analyzed using standardized formulae. The Sonowal Kacharis is one of the numerically dominant plains scheduled tribes of Assam. They belong to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic family. The comparatively higher contribution of differential fertility is found to operate amongst them. However, the ‘I’ value is found to incline more towards the lower level compared to the range displayed by the Northeast Indian populations.

Keywords: Selection potential, Fertility, Mortality, Tribe

Background and Objectives: Many studies have well documented that there is a positive association between body mass index and systolic blood pressure as well as body mass index and diastolic blood pressure. The present study examines body mass index and blood pressure in two Arunachal Monpa populations namely the Dirang (low altitude population) and Tawang (high altitude population) Monpa.

Material and Methods: Healthy, 303 adult Dirang (Male: 146, Female: 157) and 472 Tawang (Male: 210, Female: 262) Monpa were randomly selected. The body mass index cut-off value for Asian people was considered as recommended by the WHO expert group (WHO 2000). While blood pressure values were classified according to the WHO expert committee (WHO 1996).

Results: This study reveals a positive relationship between body mass index and blood pressure. Mean SBP and DBP both were considerably higher among the Dirang than that of the Tawang Monpa. Blood pressure values were correlated more with body mass index among the Tawang Monpa than their counterparts.

Conclusion: Present study is indicative of altitudinal stresses on biological traits in highlander Tawang Monpas than that of the Dirang Monpas.

Keywords: Arterial pressure. Body mass. High and low altitude populations. Arunachal Pradesh.

The objective of the present study is to determine the total anthropometric failure among Juang children and adolescents. Material and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out among 237 (106 male and 131 female) Juang children and adolescents aged 1 to 17 years.

Results: The prevalence of Underweight, Stunting and Underweight children are 5.91%, 6.33% and 4.22% respectively; and other combined anthropometric failures of Stunting and Underweight; Wasting and Underweight; and Underweight, Stunting and Wasting are 2.95%, 16.46% and 16.03% respectively.

Conclusion: In the present study, the overall anthropometric failure is a very serious condition. Immediate intervention programmes based on food, and correct health awareness among parents may help to achieve the SDG goals for zero hunger.

Keywords: WAZ, HAZ, WHZ, Girls, Boys, PVTG, NCHS

The present study offers an understanding of the current situation in Indian rural areas due to the outbreak of COVID-19, a new form of coronavirus. With just a four-hour notice, the honourable Prime Minister of India announced a complete 21-day (first phase) lockdown throughout India on 24 March 2020, which was later extended to the second and third phases to contain the spread of novel coronavirus. The impact of the sudden lockdown has been remarkable in people’s everyday lives and lives particularly on village dwellers. This study has tried to explore how people were becoming victims of this situation and suffering from human rights violations. Their experiences will explain the reality generated out of the COVID-19 outbreak and will contextualize the condition of the rural areas within its political reality. The study has followed ethnographic techniques within a constructivist paradigm for data collection. Phone calls and video calls are the only ways to understand the contradictions, complexity, and multiplicity of the realities during the lockdown phase in India. Interpretative analyses have facilitated the comprehension of facts and exploring the meanings based on the understanding of the participant’s interpretation of their experiences. Further, trouble was added as they were in some way connected to the medical professionals or profession. Lockdown on an urgent basis has influenced to refuse people’s right to look for security or return to safe places from where they face harassment or torture.

Keywords:  Covid-19 Lockdown, Rural, Political Reality, Ethnography in Constructivist Paradigm, Human Rights, Violence.

Methods and Material: Quantitative methods were used in the study. Two tools were administered to the respondents at the facility level.

Statistical Analysis Used: The study compares the increase in the utilization of health care services from FY 13-14 to FY 16-17. The case is defined as the block in which the front-line workers use mobile phones for reporting and control is where the reporting is through paper-based mode. To arrive at a net difference, the study used the difference in a different technique to analyse the data. Data were obtained from the government reporting system. To corroborate the results, the mean values were calculated, by dividing the blocks of the district into two groups case and control. The step-down costing of the project was performed to arrive at the unit cost of implementation.

Keywords: mhealth, Front Line Worker, Health System, Sustainable Development Goal

Rural electrification not only provides affordable modern energy to rural households at a cheaper price but also improves the quality of life and economic development of the rural sector. The welfare gains of electricity are not the same across households. This paper tries to understand who benefits the most from rural electrification - the poor or the rich rural households. The differential effects of rural electrification on household income and expenditures on health and children’s education are estimated using the 2011-2012 IHDS-II survey data applying the quantile regression method. The estimated results show that household electrification increases both household income and expenditure. The higher-income rural households benefit more than the lower-income households from rural electrification. The upper-income rural households gain more in terms of the education of children relative to poor-income households from rural electrification. Rural electrification benefits are higher for median health expenditure households than either for lower or upper quantile households. The larger benefits from rural electrification accrue to the better-off rural households through higher consumption and use of electricity for many
productive uses and electrification benefits accrue from multiple channels.

Keywords: Rural electrification, household income and expenditure, quality of life, differential effects, quantile regression

The Right to Education (RTE) Act is considered as one of the inclusive education policies which aimed to improve the literacy rate and provide quality, education to children at both primary and secondary school levels. The basic aim of this Act is to increase the school enrolment rate and to improve the quality of education. This research paper tries to explain the implications and impediments of the Right to Education Act (RTE) in the school education system in the tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh with the empirical evidence of primary and secondary schools located in Lammasingi village of Visakha agency, Andhra Pradesh. The paper provides both qualitative and quantitative explanations based on the empirical data collected by employing conventional Anthropological methods and techniques in addition to following the ethnographic methodological procedure in conducting in-depth and intensive fieldwork for a period of one year in the tribal village of Lammasingi. This research study work largely dwells upon the theoretical conceptual framework of “Anthropology of Education”. The data was collected from the head teachers, teachers, students, parents, and school management committee members by using semi-structured schedules. The data were analysed through a computer-based S.P.S.S package, explanations given in the paper are mostly analytical and descriptive in nature and comprise both semantic and scientific.

Keywords: Right to Education Act, School Education, Primary School, Secondary School, Co-Education, Girls Education,Lammasingi, Visakha Agency.

Since ancient times, two ancient civilizations of the world such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Egyptian Civilization though geographically fall apart from one another; they were well connected through the sea routes for maritime trading and cultural exchange as described in the ancient texts and archival records. The maritime trading also resulted in the social and cultural exchange between the two civilizations as well. The article focuses primarily on the striking resemblances observed between the Puri Shri Jagannath temple in India with that of the temples of ancient Egypt in terms of the religious worship of the deities, ritual practices in the temples, arts and architecture, celebration of temple festivals, religious record keeping, the role of king as the first servitor, humanisation of God and daily offering rituals, the concept of the state deity and God-King relationship etc. Though it is very difficult to trace the origin and evolution of the religio-cultural system and ritual practices in the temples of both the regions Odisha in India and ancient Egypt, however this similar system and arrangements might have been originated and evolved at one place at some point in time, might have gradually spread over to the other places in course of time.