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The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of environmental protection policies on greenhouse gas emissions in Tanzania. Total natural resources rent, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product and environmental protection policy were applied as determinants of greenhouse gas emission. Ordinary least squares (OLS)-Heteroskedasticity corrected was appropriate for the current study’s analysis of time series data from 1990 to 2021. The environmental protection policy entered the model as a dummy variable with 0 before policy adoption and 1 during and after adoption. No effect on greenhouse gas emissions resulted from foreign direct investment and economic growth. Total natural resources rent had a negative significant impact implying that the 1997 environmental protection policy and other afterward laws and regulations affected natural resources in that could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The country also experienced higher greenhouse gas emissions in the years after the environmental protection policy of 1997 was adopted compared to the period before its adoption. This was likely due to the fact that from 1997 onward, economic growth was higher than in the years before the policy was adopted. Therefore, the use of a policy dummy may not reflect the effect of the policy on emission but rather the effect of economic growth on emission. Even though, the Vice President’s office, which deals with environmental conservation, should increase stringency and education to the public. Areas for further studies have also been suggested.

Keywords: Pollution control adoption; air pollution; environment and trade
JEL Code: Q52; Q53; Q56

The Bauris are a prominent scheduled caste community dwelling in the states of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Jharkhand. Possessing a strong affiliation to some Indigenous community, the Bauris were earlier designated as ‘race-caste’, ‘semi-Hinduised aboriginals’, ‘exterior caste’, ‘depressed caste’, ‘tribal caste’ or ‘criminal aboriginal tribe’.

For centuries, the Bauris endured a wretched social life and this had later snowballed to their demeaning status in the society. The present article sought to uncover the historical background of the Bauri community through the lens of literary works, mythological stories and several discussions by eminent scholars.

Keywords: Bauri, past, origin, untouchable, scheduled caste

The human body needs energy, especially proteins, for growth as well as to do work. Much of the protein requirements for humans come from the animal protein consumed by humans as meat products. The household demand for meat products is determined chiefly by the market prices of the meats, availability of meats, household income, family size, and consumer tastes, and by factors such as demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status and importantly religion as well. This paper examines the consumption of different types of meat, fish, chicken, mutton, beef, and pork in Tamil Nadu using the 68th round NSSO survey data for the year 2011-12 and applying the Tobit regression model. The Tobit regression estimates show that meat consumption in Tamil Nadu is generally inelastic, though the income and price elasticities are positive and negative respectively, and are statistically significant. Household size matters for meat consumption, whereas religion has no effect on meat consumption in general.

Keywords: Human energy, protein, meat consumption, household expenditure, income and price elasticity, Tobit regression estimation.

This paper mainly deals with two aspects, the economic history and topography of the Tista-Brahmaputra valley of India, from the early medieval to the colonial period to understand the relationship and development of these twin subjects that led to several impacts on the development of the society. The early medieval period of India, from 600 or 650 CE to 1200 or 1250 CE, was ruled by some regional powers such as the Cholas, Varmans and Pushyabhuti families in different parts of India till the emergence of the Islamic rulers. These regional ruling families had a significant impact on the society and economy. However, the turning point of economic and topographical development of the valley was the emergence of Islam and the British. The topography of this valley is unique in India, featuring plains, mountains, hills, hillocks, valleys, rivers, minerals, floras and faunas, medicinal trees, etc. The Himalayas played a controlling role in the economy and topography of the valley. The main objective of this paper is to the study topographical history and economic development of this territory. How the topographic evolution was responsible for the economic cycle of this territory is also discussed. This study also enables us to understand the natural hazards for the development of the economy. 

Keywords: Agro-climate, Environment, History, Economy, Development.

Suicide is usually conceptualized as a global public health issue. Durkheim argued that suicide rates could be explained by social rather than individual factors and concludes that, suicide should not be treated as a person’s will or the person herself/himself cannot be held responsible for that. Under this situation, his scientific realism seeks to conclude that suicide is a social fact as well and his empirical insight admits that the degree of integration of different societies like religious, domestic, political, and occupational societies have an inverse influence upon suicide across levels, time and countries. More than 1,00,000 people commit suicide in India. Different causes that are this strong in their contribution to increasing suicidal trend in India must be understood as well as Durkheim’s theory seems to lead us to predict. Assuming this perspective, the present research tries to observe, how far is this trend of suicide in India relevant to Durkheim’s suicidology. 

Keywords: Social integration, insanity, anomie, illness, family suicide, social regulation.

Due to uncontrolled and disorganised urban planning sprawl, big cities are facing intense pressure towards their boundaries, leading to urban sprawl. The main cities in Pakistan are highly urbanised cities such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. The main objective of this review paper is to comprehensively analyse the major causes and consequences of urban sprawl and provide valuable insights to resolve this issue in the context of Pakistan. A systematic approach was used to select ten relevant studies based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study is exploratory and causal-comparative, with an extensive review of literature and scholarly investigations using secondary data. Key findings identified that migration, development of pre-urban areas around the outer rim of industrial units, improved infrastructure and population growth are significant reasons behind urban sprawl in Pakistan, resulting in loss of agricultural lands, increase in commuting costs, poverty, unemployment, climate issues, etc. Furthermore, policy-making should be based on province and city characterises and apply suitable solutions to prevent and control urban sprawl. Furthermore, the agriculture department should join with urban development to initiate awareness against urban sprawl issues and save the conversion of fertile agricultural land.

Keywords: Urban Sprawl, Urban Development, Pakistan, Internal Migration