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The responsibility of nurturing children for a mother or a father alone is undoubtedly a mounting task to discharge. Single mother especially, is presumed to be facing greater degrees of obstacles because the full burden of parenting and earning falls directly on one individual along with various socio-psychological challenges in the society. This paper examined the problems faced by single mothers and recognized the potential of these women in Mizo society. It also reveals economic hardships, as the biggest challenge among the single mothers. The emotional life of the single mother was also greatly affected by their singlehood. In general, majority of the single mothers under study avoid social activities and have lesser contact with friends and neighbors after divorce/demise of a spouse. Despite the challenges faced in everyday life, most of them have been able to take care of their children and take pride in raising their kids single-handedly.

Keywords: Single Mother, Social, Economic, Emotion, Mizo, Society

The Santal and the Oraon are two well recognized ethnic groups residing in northern Bangladesh. These ethnic groups have their own cultural traits which are easily differentiated from the culture of the majority Bengali Muslim population. As such it is very likely that the nature and level of empowerment among the Santal and Oraon women are quite different from that of the women among the general population in Bangladesh. The present study endeavours to investigate the nature of women empowerment among the Santal and the Oraon, residing in villages named Modhumath and Muraripur respectively within Gogram Union of Godagari Upazila under Rajshahi district, Bangladesh using social survey method. It has been found that there exists no significant difference between the empowerment-level of women residing in the two villages. The factors that influenced empowerment of the respondents mostly included access to family income, ability to spend own income, literacy, schooling years, role in family decision making, expression of opinion in village organization, ability to visit the doctor independently and ability to mix with the Bengali people.

Keywords: Women, Empowerment, Santal, Oraon.

In general, particularly vulnerable tribal groups in India are experiencing the severity of social exclusion due to impoverishment, deprivation and livelihood insecurity. Moreover, these aboriginal groups are exploited by the non-tribal money lenders and traders of neighbouring plain areas in the area of market. The extremists’ activities are also more rampant in the interior thick forests lacking proper road transport communication. The development extension agents are also unable to deliver their services effectively in such habitats due to ecological, geographical constraints as well as extremism. These are the causative factors for crating unrest and leading to under development among PVTGs. Kondh is one of the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Andhra Pradesh and the neighbouring state Odisha (Orissa). Large chunk of its population is concentrated in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh and Koraput district of Odisha state. It is one among 75 PVTGs of India.

Keywords: Social Exclusion, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups, Exploitation, Impoverishment, Deprivation, Visakha agency

Rape is the fourth most common crime against the women in our country. Up to 7 in 10 Women around the world experience physical or sexual violence at some point in their lifetime. The purpose of this research paper will be to find out the major reasons behind increasing rate of rape cases. It also examine the causal- effects of the crime on victims. The major objective of the of this research is to interrogate the different theories related to sexual crimes against women in society. This research work will examine the relationship between the patriarchal social settings and violence against women. This study will also try to see how Caste hierarchy plays a major role in increasing number of sexual violence against women in India. This study will introspect what the literature, other reports and research say about the continuous increasing rate of rape cases in all over the globe. This research work will explore how male socialization play an important role in increasing number of sexual violence against women in youth of India. The main motto of this research is to understand the concept, psychology and causes of rape at universal level.

Keywords: Rape, Patriarchy, Violence, Feminism, Sexual Assaults, Molestation.

Myths are stories derived from cultural traditions or legends, which have a deep symbolic meaning and usually involve a lesson which will be helpful to the listener or reader. Myths typically hold particular formulas which storytellers use to explain a natural phenomenon give a moral lesson or tell about a legend. This formula allows storytellers to change details such as characters, or settings but maintain the rhythm and style of the story. The present study on the myths of Chuktia Bhunjia tribe focuses on documentation, interpretation and socio-religious significance of the myths in the Chuktia Bhunjia community. Looking at the changing scenario in the tribal areas due to acculturation and modernization, intangible cultural traditions are gradually vanishing. Information on myths were collected from aged sections (both male and female), priests and shamans. Data were collected through interview and observation methods. Interpretations of the myths collected from field reveals that myth affects socio-cultural and religious life of the tribe. The origin of myth of the tribe reveals that Bhunjia tribe has descended from Halba and Gond tribe. The strict taboos and prohibitions associated with Lalbangla (sacred kitchen) has direct link with Lord Rama, Sita and Laxman. Apart from that few characters of Mahabharat and deities of Hinduism in the myths indicate orientation of the tribe with Hinduism. The study basically highlights the reflection of material culture, knowledge on flora and fauna in the Chuktia Bhunjia myths.

Keywords: Myth, Diety, PVTG, Lalbangla

This paper looks at the issue of discipline and punishment in schools of Kolkata since the ban on corporal punishment according to the Right To Education Act, 2009. Using the qualitative methodology, perceptions of teachers and students regarding the effectiveness of the methods of punishment now allowed in different schools has been studied. Two specific areas of effectiveness have been considered: classroom order/discipline and socialization/moral development. By giving a unique insight into the stakeholders’ own evaluations of the effectiveness of the ban, this article has tried to analyse uncharted territories of the education system in Kolkata.

Keywords: Classroom Discipline; Corporal Punishment; Mental Harassment; Child Socialization; Right To Education Act, 2009.

Health is considered as a fundamental human right. It is a country where 68.80% of the population resides in a rural area and males significantly outnumber females. Health is considered as a fundamental human right. Health of women is not merely a state of physical well being but also an expression of many roles they play as wives, mothers, health care providers in the family and in the changed scenario even as wage earners. the reproductive rights are also ensured by state in India after Cairo Conference. Most women are not aware about their rights including reproductive rights in India and other times their legal rights are not protected. In case of rural women the condition is worst. This present study was carried in Solapur and Kolhapur districts of Western Maharashtra. The study primarily tries to understand the socio-economic background of selected rural women in the studied area and further tries to know the knowledge and attitude towards the reproductive rights among rural women. 200 married women respondents in age group of 18-25 were selected for study. Still fifty percent of rural women are only unaware about the reproductive health and they are not exercising the reproductive rights. Therefore the researcher has tried to highlight the issues of Reproductive Rights of rural women in-terms of participation in decision making process about child bearing and exercising their rights in-case of birth control devices and also demand safe delivery and abortion, demand of safe sex from spouses and HIV. Therefore, gender discrimination should be addressed in the exercise of reproductive rights and it is necessary to create the awareness about reproductive rights of women among males.

Keywords: Health, Reproductive Rights, Knowledge, Attitude and Rural Women.

The word culture is very dynamic and multidimensional term, based on the sociological understanding culture is the collective identity, collective behavior, beliefs, rules, knowledge etc. In an anthropological point of view culture is the learned and shared behaviors and beliefs. In a cultural anthropological sense, it is focusing the cultural variations in societies. In any society they have their own culture and traditions that are completely differ from other society. By taking India as an example India consists multiple cultures and that are visible in beliefs, language, food habits, dressing patterns etc. In a broader sense these external appearances of different cultures are known as cultural expressions. Cultural expressions on human body are the body modifications for proving the belongingness of a culture. Through art and aesthetics cultural transmissions and also cultural expressions are taking place largely. Contrast to other societies the tribal communities have more skill and talent in making the artistic and aesthetic handiworks. Paniya is the largest scheduled tribe located in various districts of Kerala, they are following a unique way of life comparing others. This study is about the Paniya’s cultural expressions through art and aesthetics with reference to Wayanad district, Kerala.

Keywords: Culture, Cultural expressions, Body modifications, Paniya