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Our paper suggests a novel, strategic perspective to the policy formulation process in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. Our methodology derives from the Keynesian distinction between risk and uncertainty, and more recent research on typology of unknowns; thus we determine that not only the outbreak, but also the progress of Covid-19 has attributes of deep or level 4 uncertainty. To manage this deep uncertainty, we draw from a management field – firm level strategy – which has a rich tradition of strategy formulation under uncertainty, and reveals that the appropriate approach for the highly complex and uncertain issue of recovery from the economic contraction is ‘reasoning by analogy’. Our analysis suggests improvements to the processes of policy formulation and implementation, such as the need for a crossfunctional task force that cuts across traditional silos of healthcare, commerce, information, and economic policy. Such unconventional policy processes are required to combat the Black Swan event that is the Covid-19 pandemic.

Keywords: Black Swan, uncertainty, Covid-19, pandemic, strategy, policy, reasoning by analogy

JEL Classification: D81, H12, L10, L52

The most important elements in achieving economic development in all the countries of the world are small and medium enterprises, as they account for the highest percentage of all kinds of economic ventures of different sizes. The SME sector remains a vital sector for the Yemeni economy, as the major source of jobs, growth, and economic diversification. The SME sector is still a major source of jobs. This study aimed to find out the role of tax authorities in supporting small and medium enterprises overcome the Corona pandemic. The results showed there are several challenges facing SMEs in the light of the Corona pandemic, which limited the contributions of SMEs in economic development. Moreover, the researcher recommended certain Strategies to boost and improve the role of tax authorities in supporting small and medium enterprises overcome their challenges.

Keywords: Authorities, Tax, Small, Medium, Enterprises, Economy.

The present study aims at finding out the combined ability of the Personal, Marketing and Social factors in discriminating an insurance Buyer from a Non Buyer through development of statistical model. The discriminant analysis results have been used to describe each group in terms of its profile, using the group means of the predictor variables viz., Personal, Marketing and Social Factors called centroids indicating the average discriminant score in the two groups i.e. Buyer and Non Buyer. It is hypothesized for the study that the Personal, Marketing and Social Variables collectively do not have the discriminating ability to distinguish a health insurance Buyer from a Non Buyer. It can be concluded that changes in these three factors viz., Personal, Marketing and Social possess significant discriminating power and lead to variance in the discriminating between an insurance Buyer to a Non Buyer. Personal and Marketing Factors have positive influence, while Social factors have negative influence on health insurance buying decision in the State of Gujarat.

Keywords: Buying Behaviour, Discriminant Analysis, Health Insurance

This study aims to estimate growth and structural stability of annual wheat production in ten major producing countries in the world following Semilogarithmic growth model for the period 1961 to 2018 using FAO(Food & Agricultural Organization) dataset. The results show that for the majority of the countries seven out of ten, annual wheat production is found to be stationary except China, France and USA while wheat production show nonstationarity for the latter three countries The long term estimated growth rates are found to be over 3% for China, India and Pakistan during this period. The structural stability of the models have been tested for each country wheat production following BaiPerron multiple breakpoint tests and found that except Australia, Russia and Ukraine, all the countries exhibit single/multiple breakpoints. These observations are associated with routine challenges such as competition for land and climate concerns.

Keywords: structural stability; wheat production; semilogarithmic growth model; climate concerns

JEL Classification: C22, Q10, Q18

A significant amount of economic activity is conducted on markets characterized as differentiated oligopolies. One of the macroeconomic consequences is the emergence of cyclical behavior around a stable trend. A synthetic view, in contrast to the existing macroeconomic theory, is presented. In general, excess supply results from the expectations of firms regarding the demand they can generate. Demand oriented policies will only aggravate cyclical behavior. Self-correcting mechanisms specific to such markets and regulatory policies have been outlined.

Keywords: Differentiated Oligopoly, Demand and Market shares, Cyclical Behavior, Economic Policy

JEL Classification: D21, E12, E60